Announcement: Australia/NZ “Let’s Talk Database” Events October 2019 !! September 12, 2019
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, Automatic Indexing, Exadata X8, Let's Talk Database.add a comment
I’ve very excited to announce the next series of Oracle “Let’s Talk Database” events to be run throughout Australia and New Zealand in October 2019.
I’ll be discussing two exciting topics this series, “Oracle Database 19c New Features” and “Oracle Exadata X8“. As always, these sessions run between 9am-1pm, include a networking lunch and are free, but you MUST register to attend.
Dates, locations and registration links are as follows (Note the Sydney location is NOT the Oracle office in North Ryde):
Canberra: 22 October – Registration Link (Oracle Canberra Office)
Sydney: 23 October – Registration Link (Stone and Chalk, York St)
Melbourne: 24 October – Registration Link (Oracle Melbourne Office)
Brisbane: 29 October – Registration Link (Oracle Brisbane Office)
Auckland: 30 October – Registration Link (Level 13, AMP Centre, 29 Customs Street West)
Wellington: 31 October – Registration Link (Oracle Wellington Office)
Session details as follows:
“Oracle Database 19c New Features”
The latest Oracle Database Release 19c has introduced many exciting new features and enhanced capabilities that will be of much interest to both DBAs and Developers. This session will discuss in some detail a number of these new features with practical examples on how they can assist Oracle professionals maximize the benefits of the Oracle Database, especially in relation to Oracle Cloud and Oracle Engineered Systems deployments. New features discussed include Hybrid Table Partitions, Active Standby DML Redirect, Real Time Statistics, High-Frequency Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection, SQL Quarantine, new JSON Enhancements, DISTINCT option for LISTAGG aggregate and the most exciting new feature for some time, Automatic Indexing.
“Oracle Exadata X8”
The Oracle Exadata X8 Database Machine is the latest release in Oracle’s engineered systems platform designed specifically to deliver dramatically better performance, cost effectiveness, and availability for Oracle databases. This session will discuss various expanded and new capabilities introduced with Oracle Exadata X8 such as the new Exadata Extended Storage server, automated CPU, Memory and Network monitoring, advanced intrusion detection and Docker support. The session also examines why the Exadata Platform is so critical for the Autonomous Database Cloud Services and the unique Oracle Database19c capabilities such as Memoptimized Rowstore, Automatic Indexing, Real-Time Statistics and SQL Quarantine that are supported on Exadata.
So plenty of exciting Oracle database stuff to discuss. Hope to catch you at one of these events !!
Oracle Database 19c Automatic Indexing: Default Index Column Order Part II (Future Legend) September 11, 2019
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Clustering Factor, Index Column Order.add a comment
In Part I, we explored some options that Oracle might adopt when ordering the columns within an Automatic Index by default, in the absence of other factors where there is only the one SQL statement to be concerned with.
A point worth making is that if all columns of an index are specified within SQL equality predicates, then the ordering of columns within an index is of little consequence. I’ve discussed this point a number of times previously.
Let’s explore if perhaps the resultant Clustering Factor of an index might be a factor in the default Automatic Index column order.
I begin by creating a table that has two columns of interest, CODE1 which is poorly clustered and CODE2 which is very well clustered:
SQL> create table muse (id number, code2 number, code1 number, name varchar2(42));
Table created.
SQL> create sequence muse_seq;
Sequence created.
SQL> create or replace procedure pop_muse as
begin
for code1_value in 1..10000 loop
for i in 1..100 loop
insert into muse values (muse_seq.nextval, ceil(dbms_random.value(0,100)), code1_value, 'Back Holes');
end loop;
end loop;
commit;
end;
/
Procedure created.
SQL> exec pop_muse
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'MUSE');
We then run the following query in which to hopefully create an Automatic Index on both CODE1 and CODE2 columns:
SQL> select * from muse where code1=406 and code2=83; 15 rows selected.
If we wait for the Automatic Index to be created and check out the Automatic Index report:
INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The following indexes were created: *: invisible ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | MUSE | SYS_AI_c1m8fkukj1368 | CODE2,CODE1 | B-TREE | NONE | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERIFICATION DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The performance of the following statements improved: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE SQL ID : 0pdqsvpggupnz SQL Text : select * from muse where code1=406 and code2=83 Improvement Factor : 4092.8x
SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns
where table_name='MUSE' order by index_name, column_position;
INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION
---------------------- -------------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_c1m8fkukj1368 CODE2 1
SYS_AI_c1m8fkukj1368 CODE1 2
We notice the index is created in CODE2, CODE1 column order.
If we create a manual index with the column order reversed:
SQL> create index muse_code1_code2_i on muse(code1, code2);
Index created.
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor
from user_indexes where table_name='MUSE';
INDEX_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
---------------------- --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- -----------------
SYS_AI_c1m8fkukj1368 YES NO VISIBLE DISABLED VALID 1000000 2506 362900
MUSE_CODE1_CODE2_I NO NO VISIBLE DISABLED VALID 1000000 2510 129878
We notice that the manual index has the better resultant Clustering Factor. So the Clustering Factor doesn’t appear to be a factor in Automatic Index column order (no pun intended).
If we re-create the initial table in Part I, but this time with the columns defined in the table in reverse order:
SQL> create table major_tom3 (id number, code3 number, code2 number, code1 number, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into major_tom3 select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000)+1, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 100)), ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 10)), 'David Bowie' from dual connect by level commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'MAJOR_TOM3'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
If we again run the following query:
SQL> select * from major_tom3 where code3=4 and code2=42 and code1=42 ...
And wait for the Automatic Index to be created and look at the resultant report:
INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The following indexes were created: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | MAJOR_TOM3 | SYS_AI_g6sw030tg5ba9 | CODE3,CODE2,CODE1 | B-TREE | NONE | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERIFICATION DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The performance of the following statements improved: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE SQL ID : 22kts3uwj7kma SQL Text : select * from major_tom3 where code3=4 and code2=42 and code1=42 Improvement Factor : 45854.1x
SQL> select i.index_name, i.column_name, i.column_position, t.num_distinct from user_ind_columns i, user_tab_columns t where i.table_name = t.table_name and i.column_name = t.column_name and i.table_name='MAJOR_TOM3' order by i.index_name, i.column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION NUM_DISTINCT -------------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ SYS_AI_g6sw030tg5ba9 CODE3 1 1000 SYS_AI_g6sw030tg5ba9 CODE2 2 100 SYS_AI_g6sw030tg5ba9 CODE1 3 10
We notice that the resultant Automatic Index has been created in CODE3, CODE2, CODE1 order.
After creating many many Automatic Indexes under all sorts of different scenarios, the DEFAULT behaviour is for Oracle to create Automatic Indexes in Column ID order (the order in which they are defined in the table definition).
Of course as we’ll see in future posts, if there are several conflicting SQL predicates, there are various other factors that govern a more appropriate Automatic Index order, but the fact that Oracle creates Automatic Indexes in Column ID order in the absence of other factors is useful to know.
As I said previously, if all indexed columns are specified in SQL equality predicates, index column order has little consequence. But as we’ll see in the next post, there are scenarios where index column order can be very important and this default index column order may not be the most optimal…
Oracle Database 19c Automatic Indexing: Default Index Column Order Part I (Anyway Anyhow Anywhere) September 2, 2019
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Index Column Order, Oracle Indexes.1 comment so far
The next thing I was curious about regarding Automatic Indexing was in which order would Oracle by default order the columns within an index. This can be a crucial decision with respect to the effectiveness of the index (but then again, may not be so crucial as well). Certainly one would expect the index column order be dependent on the SQL predicates running in the database and I’ll discuss all that in future posts, but what is the default behaviour here with regard index column order based (for now) on a single SQL predicate.
I could come up with a number of possible options that Oracle might adopt when determining the default index column order such as:
- Column Name Order
- Column ID Order
- (Reverse) Column Cardinality Order
- Best Clustering Factor
- Other (Random even)
So to investigate this, I started with a basic table with 3 columns (CODE1, CODE2, CODE3) that had differing levels of cardinality:
SQL> create table major_tom (id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into major_tom select rownum, mod(rownum, 10)+1, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 100)), ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 1000)), 'David Bowie' from dual connect by level commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'MAJOR_TOM'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> select column_name, num_distinct, density from user_tab_columns where table_name='MAJOR_TOM'; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT DENSITY -------------------- ------------ ---------- ID 9914368 1.0086E-07 CODE1 10 .00000005 CODE2 100 .00000005 CODE3 1000 .001 NAME 1 1
I then ran the following query with a predicate based on the 3 columns CODE1, CODE2 and CODE3:
SQL> select * from major_tom where code3=42 and code2=42 and code1=4; 15 rows selected. Execution Plan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10 | 280 | 7354 (7)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | | | 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM) | :TQ10000 | 10 | 280 | 7354 (7)| 00:00:01 | | 3 | PX BLOCK ITERATOR | | 10 | 280 | 7354 (7)| 00:00:01 | |* 4 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL| MAJOR_TOM | 10 | 280 | 7354 (7)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If we look at the resultant Automatic Index:
INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 . The following indexes were created: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | MAJOR_TOM | SYS_AI_9mrs058nrg9d5 | CODE1,CODE2,CODE3 | B-TREE | NONE | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> select i.index_name, i.column_name, i.column_position, t.num_distinct from user_ind_columns i, user_tab_columns t where i.table_name = t.table_name and i.column_name = t.column_name and i.table_name='MAJOR_TOM' order by i.index_name, i.column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION NUM_DISTINCT -------------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ SYS_AI_9mrs058nrg9d5 CODE1 1 10 SYS_AI_9mrs058nrg9d5 CODE2 2 100 SYS_AI_9mrs058nrg9d5 CODE3 3 1000
We notice that the Automatic Index is in CODE1, CODE2, CODE3 order.
If we create a similar table, but this time have the columns with a different order of cardinality:
SQL> create table major_tom2 (id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into major_tom2 select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000)+1, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 100)), ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 10)), 'David Bowie' from dual connect by level; SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'MAJOR_TOM2'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> select * from major_tom where code3=42 and code2=42 and code1=4; 15 rows selected.
We notice that the resultant automatic index is still in the same CODE1, CODE2 and CODE3 order:
INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. The following indexes were created: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | MAJOR_TOM2 | SYS_AI_7w9t3tt9u171r | CODE1,CODE2,CODE3 | B-TREE | NONE | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> select i.index_name, i.column_name, i.column_position, t.num_distinct from user_ind_columns i, user_tab_columns t where i.table_name = t.table_name and i.column_name = t.column_name and i.table_name='MAJOR_TOM2' order by i.index_name, i.column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION NUM_DISTINCT -------------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ SYS_AI_7w9t3tt9u171r CODE1 1 1000 SYS_AI_7w9t3tt9u171r CODE2 2 100 SYS_AI_7w9t3tt9u171r CODE3 3 10
So we can eliminate column cardinality as being a contributing factor in Oracle deciding in which manner to order the indexed columns.
Which is unfortunate as we’ll see in a future post when we decide to implement Oracle Index Compression with Automatic Indexing.
In the next post, we’ll explore further other considerations and confirm how Oracle does indeed decide to order columns within an Automatic Index by default.
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: How Many Executions Does It Take? (One Shot) August 29, 2019
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Oracle Indexes.2 comments
One of the first questions I asked when playing with the new Oracle Database 19c Automatic Indexing feature was how many executions of an SQL does it take for a new index to be considered?
To find out, I create the following table:
SQL> create table bowie_one (id number constraint bowie_one_pk primary key, code number, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into bowie_one select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000000)+1, 'David Bowie' from dual connect by level SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE_ONE'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
I then ran the following query just once and checked to see if the Automatic Indexing task would pick this execution up and consider building a new index:
SQL> select * from bowie_one where code=42;
10 rows selected.
Execution Plan
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | |
| 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM) | :TQ10000 | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | PX BLOCK ITERATOR | | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL| BOWIE_ONE | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
4 - storage("CODE"=42)
filter("CODE"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
12 recursive calls
0 db block gets
39000 consistent gets
0 physical reads
132 redo size
867 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
588 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
10 rows processed
The following Automatic Indexing report detailed the following:
SQL> select dbms_auto_index.report_last_activity() report from dual; REPORT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity start : 26-JUN-2019 13:03:30 Activity end : 26-JUN-2019 21:13:06 Executions completed : 24 Executions interrupted : 0 Executions with fatal error : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index candidates : 1 Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0) Space used (visible / invisible) : 184.55 MB (184.55 MB / 0 B) Indexes dropped : 0 SQL statements verified : 3 SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 1 (19500x) SQL plan baselines created : 0 Overall improvement factor : 6.9x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unused indexes : 0 Space used : 0 B Unusable indexes : 0
So an index was indeed created. Later in the report:
INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | BOWIE_ONE | SYS_AI_5tabfu6wtkbdh | CODE | B-TREE | NONE |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : 9n89axkwrvw4b
SQL Text : select * from bowie_one where code=42
Improvement Factor : 19500x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 198342 961
CPU Time (s): 187768 1112
Buffer Gets: 39000 13
Optimizer Cost: 6208 14
Disk Reads: 0 2
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 10 10
Executions: 1 1
So the above details that an index on the CODE column of the BOWIE_ONE table was indeed created after just 1 execution.
For those wondering, yes the Elaspsed and CPU times are actually in Microseconds (1 millionth of a second) and not in seconds as stated…
The final section of the report details:
PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 227986582
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 6208 | |
| 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | |
| 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM) | :TQ10000 | 10 | 230 | 6208 | 00:00:01 |
| 3 | PX BLOCK ITERATOR | | 10 | 230 | 6208 | 00:00:01 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE_ONE | 10 | 230 | 6208 | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes
-----
- dop_op_reason = scan of object BOWIE.BOWIE_ONE
- dop = 2
- px_in_memory_imc = no
- px_in_memory = no
- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 2734060610
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10 | 230 | 14 | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE_ONE | 10 | 230 | 14 | 00:00:01 |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_5tabfu6wtkbdh | 10 | | 3 | 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 2 - access("CODE"=42)
Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )
It details that indeed, a new plan using the newly Automatic Index would be substantially more efficient.
If we look at details of the new Automatic Index:
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE_ONE'; INDEX_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ---------------------- --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- BOWIE_ONE_PK NO YES VISIBLE DISABLED VALID 10000000 19642 57523 SYS_AI_5tabfu6wtkbdh YES NO VISIBLE DISABLED VALID 10000000 22285 10000000 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='BOWIE_ONE' order by index_name, column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ---------------------- --------------- --------------- BOWIE_ONE_PK ID 1 SYS_AI_5tabfu6wtkbdh CODE 1
The newly created Automatic Index is both Valid and Visible and so can be used globally within the database.
If I now re-run the original query:
SQL> select * from bowie_one where code=42;
10 rows selected.
Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10 | 230 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | |
| 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM) | :TQ10001 | 10 | 230 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| BOWIE_ONE | 10 | 230 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 | BUFFER SORT | | | | | |
| 5 | PX RECEIVE | | 10 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 6 | PX SEND HASH (BLOCK ADDRESS) | :TQ10000 | 10 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 7 | PX SELECTOR | | | | | |
|* 8 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_5tabfu6wtkbdh | 10 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
8 - access("CODE"=42)
Statistics
---------------------------------------------------------
12 recursive calls
0 db block gets
13 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
867 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
588 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
2 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
10 rows processed
The CBO now uses the newly created Automatic Index.
So it only potentially takes just the one execution of an SQL statement for an Automatic Index to be created.
Therefore some caution needs to be exercised in environments where there may be a very large number of ad-hoc queries where specific indexes may not be necessary for once only executed predicate combinations.
That said, the Automatic Indexing process is highly efficient in building only the bare minimum of column indexed combinations to cater for all known SQL predicates.
More on this in a future post.
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: My First Auto Index (Absolute Beginners) August 19, 2019
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Oracle Indexes.3 comments
I am SOOOO struggling with this nightmare block editor but here goes. Please excuse any formatting issues below:
I thought it was time to show the new Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing feature in action and what better way than to go through how I created my first ever Automatic Index.
To start, I create a typically simple little table:
SQL> create table bowie (id number constraint bowie_pk primary key, code number, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into bowie select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000000)+1, 'David Bowie' from dual connect by level commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE'; INDEX_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------- --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- BOWIE_PK NO YES VISIBLE DISABLED VALID 10000000 19429 58133
The key column here is CODE, which is highly selective with just 10 rows on average per CODE value.
If I run the following query a number of times:
SQL> select * from bowie where code=42;
10 rows selected.
Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | |
| 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM) | :TQ10000 | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | PX BLOCK ITERATOR | | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE | 10 | 230 | 6208 (7)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
4 - storage("CODE"=42)
filter("CODE"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
6 recursive calls
0 db block gets
39026 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
867 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
588 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
10 rows processed
The query runs slowly as it performs a Full Table Scan of a 10M row table when returning just 10 runs.
Perhaps an index would be a good idea…
With Auto Indexing, we just wait approx. 15 minutes until the Auto Index task completes, or manually run exec dbms_auto_index_internal.task_proc(true);
As discussed in my previous blog post, the Auto Indexing task will look at the workload over the past 15 minutes and determine if a new index might be warranted to improve the performance of an SQL.
We can query the results of the last Auto Index task by running the following:
SQL> select dbms_auto_index.report_last_activity() report from dual; REPORT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity start : 20-JUN-2019 08:12:15 Activity end : 20-JUN-2019 08:12:55 Executions completed : 1 Executions interrupted : 0 Executions with fatal error : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index candidates : 1 Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0) Space used (visible / invisible) : 184.55 MB (184.55 MB / 0 B) Indexes dropped : 0 SQL statements verified : 2 SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 1 (39044.8x) SQL plan baselines created : 0 Overall improvement factor : 6.9x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unused indexes : 0 Space used : 0 B Unusable indexes : 0
At this point in the report, we can see Oracle has verified 2 SQL statements and has created 1 new, visible index using 184.55 MB of space. It has improved 1 SQL statement by a factor of 39044.8x and improved things overall by a factor of 6.9x. (we’ll look at how Oracle determines these values in a later post).
The report continues with the Index Details section:
INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following indexes were created: --------------------------------------------------------------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | BOWIE | SYS_AI_600vgjmtqsgv3 | CODE | B-TREE | NONE | ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle has decided to create a new indexed called “SYS_AI_600vgjmtqsgv3” on the CODE column of the BOWIE table. Notice the mixed case naming convention for the new Auto Index, oh what fun and games to be had…
Next the Verification Details section:
VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : dd5gzx7skf6as
SQL Text : select * from bowie where code=42
Improvement Factor : 39044.8x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 3241698 108
CPU Time (s): 3174021 108
Buffer Gets: 663764 13
Optimizer Cost: 6204 14
Disk Reads: 0 0
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 170 10
Executions: 17 1
So the SQL we previously ran has an improvement factor of 39044.8x with the new plan that uses the newly created Auto Index. These numbers are a little nonsensical as we’ll see in a later post, but it does sound kinda impressive…
Finally, we get to the Plans Section of the report:
PLANS SECTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Original ----------------------------- Plan Hash Value : 3567883234 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 6204 | | | 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | | | 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM) | :TQ10000 | 425 | 20825 | 6204 | 00:00:01 | | 3 | PX BLOCK ITERATOR | | 425 | 20825 | 6204 | 00:00:01 | | 4 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE | 425 | 20825 | 6204 | 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - With Auto Indexes ----------------------------- Plan Hash Value : 493118340 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10 | 230 | 14 | 00:00:01 | | 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE | 10 | 230 | 14 | 00:00:01 | | * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_600vgjmtqsgv3 | 10 | | 3 | 00:00:01 |
Here Oracle compares the original plan with the new plan that uses the new index. The new plan is much more efficient and so the index is created as a Valid, Visible index.
Note: the vast majority of my test cases were run on the Dedicated Autonomous Application Transaction Processing (ATP) environment, where parallelism is common for most plans by default.
Let’s look at details of the newly created Automatic Index:
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE'; INDEX_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------- --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- BOWIE_PK NO YES VISIBLE DISABLED VALID 10000000 19429 58133 SYS_AI_600vgjmtqsgv3 YES NO VISIBLE DISABLED VALID 10000000 22419 10000000 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='BOWIE' order by index_name, column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ------------------------- -------------------- --------------- BOWIE_PK ID 1 SYS_AI_600vgjmtqsgv3 CODE 1
There is new column column called AUTO in DBA_INDEXES to denote where an index has been automatically created by Oracle.
So the new SYS_AI_600vgjmtqsgv3 Automatic Index on the CODE column is both VISIBLE and VALID in this case, meaning it can be globally used within the database. As we’ll see if future posts, this is not always the case with Automatic Indexes.
If we now re-run the initial SQL query I ran and look at the execution plan:
SQL> select * from bowie where code=42;
10 rows selected.
Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10 | 230 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | PX COORDINATOR | | | | | |
| 2 | PX SEND QC (RANDOM) | :TQ10001 | 10 | 230 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| BOWIE | 10 | 230 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 | BUFFER SORT | | | | | |
| 5 | PX RECEIVE | | 10 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 6 | PX SEND HASH (BLOCK ADDRESS) | :TQ10000 | 10 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 7 | PX SELECTOR | | | | | |
|* 8 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_600vgjmtqsgv3 10 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
8 - access("CODE"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
12 recursive calls
0 db block gets
13 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
867 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
588 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
2 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
10 rows processed
We notice the new Automatic Index has been used by the CBO to substantially improve the performance of the query (just 13 consistent gets).
OK, so that’s the end of the Intro. In the next blog article, we’ll start looking at some of the specifics of how Auto Indexing works behind the covers and why it’s important to understand some of these workings…
Intro: Initial Thoughts On Oracle Autonomous Database Cloud Services (Automatic For The People) March 22, 2019
Posted by Richard Foote in 18c, 19c, 19c New Features, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, Oracle Indexes.4 comments
I’m currently writing up a few blog pieces on indexing in the Oracle Autonomous Database environments, but I thought I’ll begin by introducing what exactly are Oracle Autonomous Database Cloud Services and some of my initial thoughts, as there’s still some confusion on all this.
Introduced by Uncle Larry at Oracle OpenWorld 2017, Oracle Autonomous Databases are positioned as “self-driving” Cloud- Based database environments, that automatically address many of the tasks usually performed by DBAs such as patching, backups, security and what is of most interest to me, database tuning.
The first of these cloud environments, the Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse Cloud Service (ADW) was first released in March 2018, with the Oracle Autonomous Transaction Processing Cloud Service (ATP) released in August 2018.
So key point number one. These are all Oracle Autonomous Database Cloud Services, there are no actual Autonomous Databases as such. These environments currently consist of the following key components:
- Oracle Database 18c (and above)
- Oracle Cloud Environment
- Oracle Exadata Infrastructure
- Oracle Policy-Driven Automation
So the Oracle Database alone is not an autonomous database. An Oracle 18c database running on your On-Premises Exadata is still not enough to be an autonomous database platform. It requires all the above components, which is why this is only available on the Oracle Cloud environment (and will likely be soon available on the Oracle Cloud at Customer environment, where all these components can also be replicated).
Now having a database environment is which many of the mundane DBA tasks (such as database provisioning, patching, taking backups, etc.) can be automated can only be a good thing and the Autonomous Database Cloud services delivers on all these. Creating an Autonomous Database environment truly just takes a few minutes and I could easily connect via SQL*PLUS and SQL Developer on my laptop a few minutes later.
However, my key interest here is in database tuning (hey, I’m a database tuning guy) and the capability of the Autonomous Database Cloud Services in being able to self-tune and self-repair itself when database performance issues and inefficiencies are encountered.
So, are we there yet?
So my second key point is that is many ways, we already have a “self-tuning” database with Oracle and have had so for many many years. I’m old enough to remember the Rule-Based Optimizer, when the structure of the SQL was critical to performance. I remember tuning Rollback Segments and manually setting extent sizes to make sure no segment got too close to 121 extents else it couldn’t grow any further. I remember manually setting Freelists, I remember having to write my own jobs to run maintenance tasks and setting tablespaces to be in backup mode etc. etc. etc.
The Oracle Database has evolved over the years, where Oracle DBAs don’t have to worry about these things. If you wish, you can now configure the Oracle database to also automatically adjust memory components, automatically collect necessary schema statistics, automatically create baselines and to tune SQL queries, etc. etc. etc.
All of these Oracle database capabilities are crucial in the new Oracle autonomous database environments, as are new Oracle 18c features and as will be new Oracle 19c features (especially in relation to self-tuning the Autonomous Transaction Processing Cloud Service). The newer autonomous database capabilities are just part of this Oracle database self-tuning evolution, with in the future some new policy-driven based automation thrown into the mix.
So are we indeed there yet with a completely self-tuning database with these new autonomous database services? In a word, no.
Which brings me to my next key point. This is all very very new. All these autonomous database services are effectively at “Edition One” status. This will all take time to eventually evolve to be truly, fully self-tuning database environments. There’ll be some new cool capabilities and features which will assist in some areas but be initially deficient in other areas. But clearly this is the future and clearly in future releases, more and more self-tuning capabilities will be added that will make things easier to both manage and tune Oracle database environments.
Note Oracle Corporation itself (depending on who you talk to) is quite clear that it isn’t there yet, with the web-page on the Autonomous Transaction Processing Cloud services clearly stating that “Workload Optimization* (coming soon)“, but with lots of clues on what’s to come with features such as “Database tunes itself (indexes, memory, partitions, SQL plans, parallelism, optimizer stats) for the incoming workload as data changes over time“.
Do many of these upcoming features sound familiar? If you’re not sure, check out the Oracle Database 19c New Features manual.
Which brings me to my final key point here. Even if you’re not particularly interested in the Cloud, if you view managing On-Premises environments as being your foreseeable future, some the best things that has happened to you in relation to the Oracle Database comes courtesy to you as a result of Oracle’s strategic direction with the cloud. Many of the best new features introduced in the past few Oracle Database releases, especially in relation to the CBO and much of the online stuff such moving tables and partitions online, moving data files online, converting tables to be partitioned online, converting partitioned tables differently online, merging/splitting partitions online, etc. etc. are clearly going to be critical in a self-managing/tuning database. As a DBA of an On-Premises database environment, you can also take advantage of these new capabilities.
It will enable Oracle in its autonomous environments for example to automatically convert that table to be partitioned in this specific manner to improve overall performance, all behind the scenes, without anyone necessarily knowing it’s done so.
Is it there yet? No. Is it coming? You bet.
That said, some newer Oracle Database 19c features that will clearly be critical to a self-tuning autonomous databases moving forward such as Real-Time Statistics, SQL Quarantine and Automatic Indexing will only be available in the Oracle Cloud and Exadata platforms. So take note…
Which brings me to indexing.
When the first Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse cloud service was announced in March 2018, one of the key “features” of the new autonomous platform was that indexing was disabled (as were other traditional Data Warehouse database capabilities such as Partitioning, Materialized Views, etc.). But how can you effectively “tune” a database when you take away some of the key tuning capabilities? The short answer is that you can’t, unless the database has somewhat simplistic data workloads and data structures.
Remember, this was “Version One” with the first autonomous database environment and the initial strategy was to make the Oracle database not smarter, but dumber. Simplify it such that DBAs can’t easily “break” things and by simply making the Exadata platform do all the heavy lifting with regards to database tuning. A more simplified environment makes things a little easier to “self-tune” as there are fewer moving parts to worry about.
For more simplistic Data Warehouse environments, this might all be adequate. For those of you who follow my blog and my previous discussions on indexing on Exadata, dropping all indexes on Exadata, even on Data Warehouse environments was generally a bad idea. So providing an Oracle database platform, even an autonomous one running on an Exadata platform, where all indexing was effectively disabled, was always going to have performance shortfalls in some scenarios. Try running ad-hoc queries on the supplied SSB LINEORDER table for example. Smart Scans, Storage Indexes, HCC, Result Caches, etc. will only take you so far.
So as I said, Oracle evolves and improves and now allows database indexes to be created in the Autonomous Data Warehouse cloud service.
Which will be the focus on upcoming blog posts, so stay tuned.
