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CBO Costing Plans With Migrated Rows Part I (“Ignoreland”) March 21, 2023

Posted by Richard Foote in BLEVEL, CBO, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Index Access Path, Index Height, Index statistics, Leaf Blocks, Migrated Rows, Non-Equality Predicates, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle Statistics, Performance Tuning, Richard's Blog, ROWID.
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Whilst recently blogging about Migrated Rows and specifically changes to how ROWIDs are now maintained on the fly in Oracle Autonomous Databases, I made a discovery regarding how the Cost-Based Optimizer (CBO) costs such plans. This is one of the key reasons why I blog, not only to try and share odd titbits about how Oracle works, but also to hopefully learn much myself in the process.

Imagine my surprise in not only learning that Oracle and the CBO works differently to how I had always thought Oracle worked in this respect, but that this behaviour has been the case since at least Oracle 9i.

In Part I, I’ll use the same example of migrated rows as I’ve used in the past few blog posts and initially show how the CBO generally costs such plans (and by which I had incorrectly assumed ALWAYS costed such plans).

Let’s start by creating and populating a tightly packed table (in an environment where ROWIDs are NOT updated on the fly):

SQL> create table bowie(id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, code4 number, code5 number, code6 number, code7 number, code8 number, code9 number, code10 number, code11 number, code12 number, code13 number, code14 number, code15 number, code16 number, code17 number, code18 number, code19 number, code20 number, name varchar2(142)) PCTFREE 0;

Table BOWIE created.

SQL> insert into bowie SELECT rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, 'BOWIE' FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 200000;

200,000 rows inserted.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

I’ll next create an index on the well clustered ID column (as the rows are inserted in ID column order within the table):

SQL> create index bowie_id_i on bowie(id);

Index BOWIE_ID_I created.

Next, we’ll use the Oracle recommended method of collecting table/index statistics, by using the DBMS_STATS package:

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_space, avg_row_len, chain_cnt from user_tables
where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS    EMPTY_BLOCKS    AVG_SPACE    AVG_ROW_LEN    CHAIN_CNT
_____________ ___________ _________ _______________ ____________ ______________ ____________
BOWIE              200000      3268               0            0            111            0

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE';

   INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
_____________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE_ID_I            1            473                 3250

 

Note the key index statistics here: BLEVEL=1, LEAF_BLOCKS=473 and the near perfect CLUSTERING_FACTOR=3250.

If we run the following query featuring a non-equality range predicate:

 

SQL> select * from bowie where id > 1 and id < 1001;

999 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID b1vwpu2rgn8p5, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id > 1 and id < 1001

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |    999 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |    999 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |    999 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">1 AND "ID"<1001)

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
          1 DB time
       7678 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         16 buffer is not pinned count
       1983 buffer is pinned count
        323 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     171383 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
         18 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
         18 consistent gets from cache
         17 consistent gets pin
         17 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
     147456 logical read bytes from cache
         17 no work - consistent read gets
         40 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          2 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
          1 session cursor cache hits
         18 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
        999 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

We notice that the CBO indeed uses the index.

They key statistic to note here is that Consistent Gets is just 18, which is extremely low considering we’re returning 999 rows. This is due to the fact the index is currently extremely efficient as it can fetch multiple rows by visiting the same table block due to the excellent clustering/ordering of the required ID column values (and also due to my high arraysize session setting).

If we look at the CBO costings for this plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'b1vwpu2rgn8p5',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID b1vwpu2rgn8p5, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id > 1 and id < 1001

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     |Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |    21 (100)|    999 |00:00:00.01 |     18 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |   108K|      21 (0)|    999 |00:00:00.01 |     18 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |       |       4 (0)|    999 |00:00:00.01 |      4 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">1 AND "ID"<1001)

 

I’ve previously discussed many times how the CBO costs index access paths, but it’s always useful to go over this again, as it’s the most common question I get asked when I visit customer sites.

The KEY statistic the CBO has to determine is the estimated Selectivity of the query (the estimated percentage of rows to be returned), as this is the driver of all the subsequent CBO calculations.

The Selectivity of this range-based predicate query is calculated as follows:

Selectivity = (Highest Bound Value – Lowest Bound Value) / (Highest Value – Lowest Value)
= (1001-1) /(200000-1)
= 1000/199999
=  approx. 0.005

Once Oracle has the selectivity, it can calculate the query Cardinality (estimated number of rows) as follows:

Cardinality = Selectivity x No of Rows

Cardinality = 0.005 x 200000 = 1000 rows

This is our visual window into the likelihood that the CBO has made an accurate decision with its execution plan. If the cardinality estimates are reasonably accurate, then the CBO is likely to generate a good plan. If the cardinality estimates are way off, then the CBO is more likely to generate an inappropriate plan.

The CBO cardinality estimate in the above plan is 1000 rows, whereas the number of rows actually returned is 999 rows.

So indeed, the CBO has got the cardinality almost spot on (except for a trivial rounding error) and so we have a high degree of confidence that the CBO is using the correct selectivity estimates when they get plugged into the following CBO formula for costing an index range scan (using this selectivity of 0.005 and the index statistics listed above):

Index Scan Cost = (blevel + ceil(effective index selectivity x leaf_blocks)) + ceil(effective table selectivity x clustering_factor)

= (1 + ceil(0.005 x 467)) + ceil(0.005 x 3250)
= (1 + 3) + 17
= 4 + 17 = 21

So we can clearly see where the CBO gets its costings for both reading the index during the Index Range Scan (4) and for the plan as a whole (21).

The CBO cost of 21 very closely resembles the 18 consistent gets accessed when the plan is executed. This to me suggests that the CBO has indeed costed this plan very accurately and appropriately.

It’s interesting to note in the above execution plan that Oracle is attributing 100% of this cost of 21 to CPU (21 (100)). That will be a discussion for another day…

OK, let’s now perform an update on the table, increasing the size of the rows such that I generate a bunch of migrated rows:

SQL> update bowie set name='THE RISE AND FALL OF BOWIE STARDUST AND THE SPIDERS FROM MARS';

200,000 rows updated.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

If we now collect fresh statistics again using DBMS_STATS:

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_space, avg_row_len, chain_cnt from user_tables
where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS    EMPTY_BLOCKS    AVG_SPACE    AVG_ROW_LEN    CHAIN_CNT
_____________ ___________ _________ _______________ ____________ ______________ ____________
BOWIE              200000      4906               0            0            167            0

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE';

   INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
_____________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE_ID_I            1            473                 3250

 

We notice that none of the key statistics have changed, except for the number of Table Blocks (now 4906, previously it was 3268) and the Average Row Length has also increased (now 167, previously it was 111). Both of these can of course be attributed to the increase in the size of the values now stored in the NAME column following the Update.

Importantly, notice that collecting statistics via DBMS_STATS does NOT collect data for the CHAIN_CNT statistic, it remains at 0 even though many migrated rows were actually generated by the Update statement (as we’ll see below).

Increasing the Table Blocks will result in an associated increase in the cost of reading this table via a Full Table Scan (FTS).

We notice that none of the index-related statistics changed following the Update statement (as in this example, Oracle does NOT update the ROWIDs of any of the migrated rows, Oracle simply stores a pointer in the original block to denote the new physical location of the migrated rows as previously discussed).

So if we only INCREASE the cost of a FTS (via having more Table Blocks) but keep intact all the previous index related statistics, then the CBO is certainly going to again select the same Index Range Scan plan, as the plan will have the same (cheaper than FTS) costings as before.

If we re-run the query again:

SQL> select * from bowie where id > 1 and id < 1001;

999 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID b1vwpu2rgn8p5, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id > 1 and id < 1001

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |    999 |00:00:00.01 |     666 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |    999 |00:00:00.01 |     666 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |    999 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">1 AND "ID"<1001)

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
       7709 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
        664 buffer is not pinned count
       1662 buffer is pinned count
        323 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     171500 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
        666 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
        666 consistent gets from cache
        665 consistent gets pin
        665 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
    5455872 logical read bytes from cache
        665 no work - consistent read gets
         39 non-idle wait count
          1 non-idle wait time
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
        666 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
        999 table fetch by rowid
        327 table fetch continued row
          3 user calls

We notice that indeed it’s the same Index Range Scan plan as before.

But we notice that the number of Consistent Gets has increased substantially to 666 (previously it was just 18). The reason for this large jump is due to the now 327 table fetch continued rows that need to be accessed due to the newly migrated rows following the Update. This number is then doubled (so 2 x 327 = 654) to represent the approximate additional Consistent Gets we now need to perform, as Oracle needs to read the additional table block to access the migrated row’s new physical location AND to now re-read the original table block to access the next row to be fetched (previously Oracle could read all the required consecutive rows required from the same table block within the one consistent get).

So it’s now actually substantially more expensive to read the required 1000 rows via this index due to this increase in necessary consistent gets.

But if we look at the actual cost of this plan now:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'b1vwpu2rgn8p5',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID b1vwpu2rgn8p5, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id > 1 and id < 1001

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     |Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |    21 (100)|    999 |00:00:00.01 |    666 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |   163K|      21 (0)|    999 |00:00:00.01 |    666 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |       |       4 (0)|    999 |00:00:00.01 |      4 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">1 AND "ID"<1001)

 

We notice that as expected (as none of the index-related statistics have changed), that despite being much more expensive to now use this index, the costs of this plan (4 for reading the index and 21 overall) remain unchanged.

I would argue that these CBO costs are no longer as accurate as the 21 total CBO cost does not so closely represent the actual 666 consistent gets now required.

Now, the 327 table fetch continued row statistics from the previous run is clear proof we indeed have migrated rows following the Update statement.

But if we want to confirm how many migrated rows we now have in the table, we can use the ANALYZE command to collect these additional statistics:

SQL> analyze table bowie compute statistics;

Table BOWIE analyzed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_space, avg_row_len, chain_cnt from user_tables
where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS    EMPTY_BLOCKS    AVG_SPACE    AVG_ROW_LEN    CHAIN_CNT
_____________ ___________ _________ _______________ ____________ ______________ ____________
BOWIE              200000      4906              86          415            170        56186

 

We notice that we now have a CHAIN_CNT of 56186.

Now this statistic can represent any row that is not housed inside a single table block (for which there could be a number of possible reasons, such as a row simply being too long to fit in a single table block), but as all rows are still relatively tiny, we can be certain that indeed all 56186 chained rows represent migrated rows.

Now that I’ve gone and used ANALYZE, primarily to generate this CHAIN_CNT statistic, my previous understanding of how the CBO costs migrated rows crumbles away, as I’ll discuss in my next post…

Possible Impact To Clustering Factor Now ROWIDs Are Updated When Rows Migrate Part III (“Dancing With The Big Boys”) March 9, 2023

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Attribute Clustering, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Changing ROWID, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Full Table Scans, Index Access Path, Index Internals, Index Rebuild, Index statistics, Leaf Blocks, Migrated Rows, Oracle, Oracle 21c, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, ROWID.
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In my previous post, I discussed how you can best reorg a table that has a significant number of migrated rows impact the Clustering Factor of important indexes, when such tables have the ENABLED ROW MOVEMENT disabled.

In this post I’ll discuss resolving similar issues, but when ROWIDs are updated on the fly when rows are migrated in Oracle Autonomous Databases.

As I discussed previously, by updating indexes with the new ROWIDs when rows migrate, such indexes can potentially increase in size as they store both old/new index entries concurrently AND due to the increased likelihood of associated index block splits. Additionally, such indexes can also have their Clustering Factor directly impacted when migrated rows disrupt the otherwise tight clustering of specific columns.

As such, we may want to address these issues to improve the performance of impacted queries.  But it’s important we address these issues appropriately…

To illustrate all this, I’m going to re-run the same demo as my previous post, but on a table with ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT enabled.

I’ll start by creating and populating a tightly packed table with ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT enabled and with data inserted in ID column order:

SQL> create table bowie2(id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, code4 number, code5 number, code6 number, code7 number, code8 number, code9 number, code10 number, code11 number, code12 number, code13 number, code14 number, code15 number, code16 number, code17 number, code18 number, code19 number, code20 number, name varchar2(142)) PCTFREE 0 ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT;

Table BOWIE2 created.

SQL> insert into bowie2 SELECT rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, 'BOWIE' FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 200000;

200,000 rows inserted.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

I’ll now create an index on this well ordered/clustered ID column:

SQL> create index bowie2_id_i on bowie2(id);

Index BOWIE2_ID_I created.

Next, I’ll update the table, increasing the size of the rows such that I generate a bunch of migrated rows:

SQL> update bowie2 set name='THE RISE AND FALL OF BOWIE STARDUST AND THE SPIDERS FROM MARS';

200,000 rows updated.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

 

If we check the number of migrated rows:

SQL> analyze table bowie2 compute statistics;

Table BOWIE2 analyzed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_space, avg_row_len, chain_cnt from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE2';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS    EMPTY_BLOCKS    AVG_SPACE    AVG_ROW_LEN    CHAIN_CNT
_____________ ___________ _________ _______________ ____________ ______________ ____________
BOWIE2             200000      4654              82          367            169            0

We notice there are indeed 0 migrated rows. This is because in Oracle Autonomous Databases, the associated ROWIDs of migrated rows as updated on the fly in this scenario.

If we check the current Clustering Factor of the index:

SQL> execute dbms_stats.delete_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE2');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE2', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE2';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE2             200000      4654

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE2';

    INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
______________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE2_ID_I            2            945               109061

We can see that although the data was initially inserted in ID column order, we now have a relatively poor Clustering Factor at 109061 as the migrated rows have disrupted this previously perfect clustering.

We also notice that the BLEVEL has increased from 1 to now be 2 and the number of Leaf Blocks has increased to 945 from 473 after the rows migrated (as I discussed previously).

If we now run a query that returns 4200 rows from a 200,000 row table:

SQL> select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1495904576

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name   | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |        |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE2 |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

Note
-----
    - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          4 CPU used by this session
          4 CPU used when call started
          4 DB time
      37101 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          2 buffer is not pinned count
        325 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     461965 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
         14 calls to kcmgcs
       4572 consistent gets
       4572 consistent gets from cache
       4572 consistent gets pin
       4572 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
   37453824 logical read bytes from cache
       4560 no work - consistent read gets
         72 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
          1 session cursor cache hits
       4572 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4560 table scan blocks gotten
     252948 table scan disk non-IMC rows gotten
     252948 table scan rows gotten
          1 table scans (short tables)
          3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'25qktyn35b662',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1495904576

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name   | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |        |      1 |        |       |  1264 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE2 |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    1264 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

 

We can see that Oracle has decided to perform a Full Table Scan (FTS) and not use the index.

The Clustering Factor of the ID column is now so bad, that returning 4200 rows via such an index is just too expensive. The FTS is now deemed the cheaper option by the CBO.

We notice that the CBO cost of the FTS is 1264.

If we run a query that forces the use of the index:

SQL> select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID bzm2vhchqpq7w, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      21 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)


Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          2 CPU used by this session
          2 CPU used when call started
          2 DB time
      14531 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
       2646 buffer is not pinned count
       5755 buffer is pinned count
        348 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     462143 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
       2665 consistent gets
          2 consistent gets examination
          2 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
       2665 consistent gets from cache
       2663 consistent gets pin
       2663 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
   21831680 logical read bytes from cache
       2663 no work - consistent read gets
         73 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          3 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
       2665 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4200 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'bzm2vhchqpq7w',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID bzm2vhchqpq7w, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |       |  2314 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    2314 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      22 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      21 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

The cost of the Index Range Scan plan has an overall cost of 2314, greater than the 1264 cost of the FTS plan.

Notice that the cost of using just the index within the plan is currently 22.

So the vast majority of the cost of this plan (2314 – 22 = 2292) is in Oracle having to access so many different table blocks due to the poor index Clustering Factor and NOT in the increased size of the index.

As I’ve discussed numerous times, you can potentially make an index smaller by rebuilding the index (if there’s free space within the index), but the impact on the Clustering Factor will be nothing but “disappointing”…

If we just rebuild the index:

SQL> alter index bowie2_id_i rebuild online;

Index BOWIE2_ID_I altered.

And now look at the new index related statistics:

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE2';

    INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
______________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE2_ID_I            1            473               109061

We notice that the index has indeed decreased in size, back to what is was before the row migrated following the Update (Blevel=1 and Leaf Blocks=473).

But the Clustering Factor remains unchanged at 109061.

If we now re-run the query:

 

SQL> select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1495904576

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name   | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |        |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE2 |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          3 CPU used by this session
          3 CPU used when call started
          3 DB time
      31738 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          2 buffer is not pinned count
        325 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     461972 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
         14 calls to kcmgcs
       4572 consistent gets
       4572 consistent gets from cache
       4572 consistent gets pin
       4572 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
   37453824 logical read bytes from cache
       4560 no work - consistent read gets
         73 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          3 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
       4572 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4560 table scan blocks gotten
     252948 table scan disk non-IMC rows gotten
     252948 table scan rows gotten
          1 table scans (short tables)
          3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'25qktyn35b662',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1495904576

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name   | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |        |      1 |        |       |  1264 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE2 |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    1264 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

 

The CBO decides to still use a FTS instead of the index.

If we look at the cost now of using the index for this query:

SQL> select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID bzm2vhchqpq7w, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2655 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2655 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          2 CPU used by this session
          2 CPU used when call started
          1 DB time
      13484 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
       2646 buffer is not pinned count
       5755 buffer is pinned count
        347 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     461972 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
       2655 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
       2655 consistent gets from cache
       2654 consistent gets pin
       2654 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
   21749760 logical read bytes from cache
       2654 no work - consistent read gets
         73 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
          1 session cursor cache hits
       2655 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4200 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'bzm2vhchqpq7w',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID bzm2vhchqpq7w, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |       |  2303 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2655 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    2303 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2655 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

We notice the cost of the index has only moderately gone down to 2303 (previously it was 2314).

This reduction of 11 in the CBO cost is due entirely to the fact the index is now approximately 1/2 the size as it was before the index rebuild and has thus reduced the cost of reading the index blocks to 11 within the execution plan (previously it was 22).

But the vast majority of the cost within the Index Range Scan plan comes again with accessing the table blocks, which remains unchanged due to the unchanged Clustering Factor.

To reduce the Clustering Factor, we need to change the clustering of the data with the TABLE.

So, to improve the performance of this potentially important query, we need to re-cluster the data just as we did in the example in my previous post when we had migrated rows listed and ROWIDs were not updated on the fly.

We can now add an appropriate Clustering Attribute before we perform the table reorg:

SQL> alter table bowie2 add clustering by linear order (id);

Table BOWIE2 altered.

SQL> alter table bowie2 move online;

Table BOWIE2 altered.

If we now look at the Clustering Factor of this important index:

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE2', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE2';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE2             200000      4936

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE2';

    INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
______________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE2_ID_I            1            473                 4850

The Clustering Factor has been reduced down to the almost perfect 4850, down from the previous 109061.

If we now re-run the query:

SQL> select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
         90 Cached Commit SCN referenced
      11345 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         93 buffer is not pinned count
       8308 buffer is pinned count
        325 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     462117 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
        102 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
        102 consistent gets from cache
        101 consistent gets pin
        101 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
     835584 logical read bytes from cache
        101 no work - consistent read gets
         72 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          2 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
          1 session cursor cache hits
        102 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4200 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

 

We can see the query now automatically uses the index and only requires just 102 consistent gets, down from 4572 when it performed the FTS.

If we look at the cost of this new plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'25qktyn35b662',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |       |   113 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|     113 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

We can see the plan has a cost of just 113, which is both much more accurate and close to the 102 consistent gets and much less than the previous cost of 1340 for the FTS plan.

So in specific examples where migrated rows significantly impact the Clustering Factor of indexes important to our applications, including when ROWIDs are updated on the fly in Oracle Autonomous Databases, we may need to appropriately reorg such tables to repair the Clustering Factor of impacted indexes.

I’ve mentioned a number of times in this series how tables in Oracle Autonomous Databases with ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT have their ROWIDs updated on the fly when a row migrates. In my next post, I’ll discuss how even tables that don’t have the ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT clause set can still have their ROWIDs updated on the fly when a row migrates…

Possible Impact To Clustering Factor Now ROWIDs Are Updated When Rows Migrate Part II (“Dancing Out In Space”) March 7, 2023

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Attribute Clustering, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Changing ROWID, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, David Bowie, Full Table Scans, Index Access Path, Index Internals, Index Rebuild, Index statistics, Leaf Blocks, Migrated Rows, Oracle, Oracle 21c, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle Statistics, Oracle19c, Performance Tuning, Richard's Musings, ROWID.
1 comment so far

In my previous post, I discussed how the clustering of data can be impacted if rows migrate and how this in turn can have a detrimental impact on the efficiency of associated indexes.

In this post, I’ll discuss what you can do (and not do) to remedy things in the relatively unlikely event that you hit this issue with migrated rows.

I’ll just discuss initially the example where the table is defined without ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT enabled in the Transaction Processing Autonomous Database (and so does NOT update ROWIDs on the fly when a row migrates).

I’ll start by again creating and populating a tightly packed table, with the data inserted in ID column order:

SQL> create table bowie(id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, code4 number, code5 number, code6 number, code7 number, code8 number, code9 number, code10 number, code11 number, code12 number, code13 number, code14 number, code15 number, code16 number, code17 number, code18 number, code19 number, code20 number, name varchar2(142)) PCTFREE 0;

Table BOWIE created.

SQL> insert into bowie SELECT rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, 'BOWIE' FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 200000;

200,000 rows inserted.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

I’ll now create an index on this well ordered/clustered ID column:

SQL> create index bowie_id_i on bowie(id);

Index BOWIE_ID_I created.

Next, I’ll update the table, increasing the size of the rows such that I generate a bunch of migrated rows:

SQL> update bowie set name='THE RISE AND FALL OF BOWIE STARDUST AND THE SPIDERS FROM MARS';

200,000 rows updated.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

 

If we check the number of migrated rows:

SQL> analyze table bowie compute statistics;

Table BOWIE analyzed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_space, avg_row_len, chain_cnt from user_tables

where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS    EMPTY_BLOCKS    AVG_SPACE    AVG_ROW_LEN    CHAIN_CNT
_____________ ___________ _________ _______________ ____________ ______________ ____________
BOWIE              200000      4906              86          414            170        56186

 

We notice there are indeed 56186 migrated rows.

If we check the current Clustering Factor of the index:

SQL> execute dbms_stats.delete_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE              200000      4906

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE';

   INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
_____________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE_ID_I            1            473                 3250

 

We notice the index still has an excellent Clustering Factor of just 3250. As the ROWIDs are NOT updated in this example when rows migrate, the index retains the same Clustering Factor as before the Update statement.

If we run the following query that returns 4200 rows (as per my previous post):

SQL> select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)


Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          2 CPU used by this session
          2 CPU used when call started
          3 DB time
      24901 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
       2762 buffer is not pinned count
       7005 buffer is pinned count
        324 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     461909 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
       2771 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
       2771 consistent gets from cache
       2770 consistent gets pin
       2770 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
   22700032 logical read bytes from cache
       2770 no work - consistent read gets
         73 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
          1 session cursor cache hits
       2771 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4200 table fetch by rowid
       1366 table fetch continued row
          3 user calls

We can see the query currently uses 2771 consistent gets, which is significantly higher than it could be, as Oracle has to visit the original table block and then follow the pointer to the new location for any migrated row that needs to be retrieved.

However, if we look at the cost of the current plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'c376kdhy5b0x9',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |    80 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|      80 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

We can see it only has a cost of 80, as Oracle does not consider the additional accesses required now for these migrated rows. With such a perfect Clustering Factor, this cost is not particularly accurate and does not represent the true cost of the 2771 consistent gets now required.

Now there are various ways we can look at fixing this issue with all these migrated rows requiring additional consistent gets to access.

One method is to capture all the ROWIDs of the migrated rows, copy these rows to a temporary holding table, delete these rows and then re-insert them all back into the table from the temporary table.

We can identify the migrated rows by creating the CHAIN_ROWS table as per the Oracle supplied UTLCHAIN.SQL script and then use the ANALYZE command to store their ROWIDs in this CHAIN_ROWS table:

SQL> create table CHAINED_ROWS (
2 owner_name varchar2(128),
3 table_name varchar2(128),
4 cluster_name varchar2(128),
5 partition_name varchar2(128),
6 subpartition_name varchar2(128),
7 head_rowid rowid,
8 analyze_timestamp date
9* );

Table CHAINED_ROWS created.

SQL> analyze table bowie list chained rows;

Table BOWIE analyzed.

SQL> select table_name, head_rowid from chained_rows where table_name='BOWIE' and rownum<=10;

   TABLE_NAME            HEAD_ROWID
_____________ _____________________
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAP
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAR
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAU
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAW
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAZ
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAb
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAe
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAg
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAj
BOWIE         AAAqFjAAAAAE6CzAAl

 

Another method we can now utilise is to simply MOVE ONLINE the table:

SQL> alter table bowie move online;

Table BOWIE altered.

 

If we now look at the number of migrated rows after the table reorg:

SQL> analyze table bowie compute statistics;

Table BOWIE analyzed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_space, avg_row_len, chain_cnt from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS    EMPTY_BLOCKS    AVG_SPACE    AVG_ROW_LEN    CHAIN_CNT
_____________ ___________ _________ _______________ ____________ ______________ ____________
BOWIE              200000      4936              56          838            169            0

 

We can see we no longer have any migrated rows.

BUT, if we now look at the Clustering Factor of this index:

SQL> execute dbms_stats.delete_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE              200000      4936

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE';

   INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
_____________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE_ID_I            1            473               114560

 

We can see it has now significantly increased to 114560 (previously it was just 3250).

The problem of course is that if the ROWIDs now represent the correct new physical location of the migrated rows, the previously perfect clustering/ordering of the ID column has been impacted.

If we now re-run the query returning the 4200 rows:

SQL> select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1845943507

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name  | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |       |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4857 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4857 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          3 CPU used by this session
          3 CPU used when call started
       4849 Cached Commit SCN referenced
          2 DB time
      25870 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          2 buffer is not pinned count
        324 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     461962 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          9 calls to kcmgcs
       4857 consistent gets
       4857 consistent gets from cache
       4857 consistent gets pin
       4857 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
   39788544 logical read bytes from cache
       4850 no work - consistent read gets
         72 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          2 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
       4857 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4850 table scan blocks gotten
     200000 table scan disk non-IMC rows gotten
     200000 table scan rows gotten
          1 table scans (short tables)
          3 user calls

 

Oracle is now performing a Full Table Scan (FTS). The number of consistent gets now at 4857 is actually worse than when we had the migrated rows (previously at 2771)

The Clustering Factor of the ID column is now so bad, that returning 4200 rows via such an index is just too expensive. The FTS is now deemed the cheaper option by the CBO.

If we look at the CBO cost of using this FTS plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'c376kdhy5b0x9',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1845943507

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name  | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |       |      1 |        |       |  1340 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4857 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    1340 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4857 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

 

We can see the cost of this plan is 1340.

If we compare this with the cost of using the (now deemed) inefficient index:

SQL> select /*+ index (bowie) */ * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 9215hkzd3v1up, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select /*+ index (bowie) */ * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2784 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2784 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)


Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          2 CPU used by this session
          2 CPU used when call started
       2741 Cached Commit SCN referenced
          2 DB time
      12633 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
       2775 buffer is not pinned count
       5626 buffer is pinned count
        345 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     462170 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
       2784 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
       2784 consistent gets from cache
       2783 consistent gets pin
       2783 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
   22806528 logical read bytes from cache
       2783 no work - consistent read gets
         72 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          4 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
          1 session cursor cache hits
       2784 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4200 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'9215hkzd3v1up',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 9215hkzd3v1up, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select /*+ index (bowie) */ * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |  2418 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2784 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    2418 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2784 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

We can see the CBO cost of the index is now 2418, more than the 1340 cost of using the FTS.

So in the scenario where by migrating a significant number of rows, we impact the Clustering Factor and so the efficiency of vital indexes in our applications, we need to eliminate the migrated rows in a more thoughtful manner.

An option we have available is to first add an appropriate Clustering Attribute before we perform the table reorg:

SQL> alter table bowie add clustering by linear order (id);

Table BOWIE altered.

SQL> alter table bowie move online;

Table BOWIE altered.

 

If we now look at the Clustering Factor of this important index:

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE              200000      4936

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE';

   INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
_____________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE_ID_I            1            473                 4850

 

The Clustering Factor has been reduced down to the almost perfect 4850, down from the previous 114560.

If we now re-run the query:

SQL> select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)


Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
         89 Cached Commit SCN referenced
          1 DB time
      11249 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         93 buffer is not pinned count
       8308 buffer is pinned count
        324 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     462165 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
        102 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
        102 consistent gets from cache
        101 consistent gets pin
        101 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
     835584 logical read bytes from cache
        101 no work - consistent read gets
         72 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          1 session cursor cache count
          1 session cursor cache hits
        102 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4200 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

We can see the query now automatically uses the index and only requires just 102 consistent gets (down from 4857 when it performed the FTS and down from 2771 when we had the migrated rows).

If we look at the cost of this new plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'c376kdhy5b0x9',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |   113 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|     113 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |     102 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

We can see the plan has a cost of just 113, which is both much more accurate and close to the 102 consistent gets and much less than the previous cost of 1340 for the FTS plan.

So in specific scenarios where by having migrated rows we significantly impact the Clustering Factor of indexes important to our applications, we have to be a little cleverer in how we address the migrated rows.

This can also the case in the new scenario where Oracle automatically updates the ROWIDs of migrated rows, as I’ll discuss in my next post…

Possible Impact To Clustering Factor Now ROWIDs Are Updated When Rows Migrate Part I (“Growin’ Up”) March 1, 2023

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Attribute Clustering, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, BLEVEL, CBO, Changing ROWID, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Hints, Index Access Path, Index Block Splits, Index Delete Operations, Index Height, Index Internals, Index Rebuild, Index statistics, Leaf Blocks, Migrated Rows, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle Indexing Internals Webinar, Oracle Statistics, Oracle19c, Performance Tuning, Richard Foote Training, Richard's Blog, ROWID.
2 comments

In my previous post I discussed how an index can potentially be somewhat inflated in size after ROWIDs are updated on the fly after a substantial number of rows are migrated.

However, there’s another key “factor” of an index that in some scenarios can be impacted by this new ROWID behaviour with regard migrated rows.

To highlight this scenario, I’ll again start by creating and populating a table with ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT disabled:

SQL> create table bowie(id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, code4 number, code5 number, code6 number, code7 number, code8 number, code9 number, code10 number, code11 number, code12 number, code13 number, code14 number, code15 number, code16 number, code17 number, code18 number, code19 number, code20 number, name varchar2(142)) PCTFREE 0;

Table BOWIE created.

SQL> insert into bowie SELECT rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, 'BOWIE' FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 200000;

200,000 rows inserted.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

I’ll next create an index on the ID column. The important aspect with the ID column is that the data is entered monotonically in ID column order, so the associated index will have an excellent (very low) Clustering Factor:

SQL> create index bowie_id_i on bowie(id);

Index BOWIE_ID_I created.

If we look at some key statistics of the table and index:

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE              200000      3268

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE';

   INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
_____________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE_ID_I            1            473                 3250

We can see that the number of table blocks is 3268, the number of index leaf blocks is 473 and we indeed have a near perfect Clustering Factor of 3250.

If we run a couple of queries:

SQL> select * from bowie where id between 1 and 1000;

1,000 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gz5u92hmjwz1h, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
       7353 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         16 buffer is not pinned count
       1985 buffer is pinned count
        324 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     171305 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
         18 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
         18 consistent gets from cache
         17 consistent gets pin
         17 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
     147456 logical read bytes from cache
         17 no work - consistent read gets
         38 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
         18 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       1000 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

We can see for this first query that returns 1000 rows, it requires just 18 consistent gets, thanks primarily due to the efficient index with the perfect Clustering Factor.

If we look at the cost of this plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'gz5u92hmjwz1h',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gz5u92hmjwz1h, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |    21 (100)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |   108K|      21 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |       |       4 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)

We can see the plan has an accurate cost of just 21.

If we now run a similar query that returns a few more rows:

SQL> select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
          1 DB time
      11353 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         59 buffer is not pinned count
       8342 buffer is pinned count
        324 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     461834 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
         68 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
         68 consistent gets from cache
         67 consistent gets pin
         67 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
     557056 logical read bytes from cache
         67 no work - consistent read gets
         73 non-idle wait count
         2 opened cursors cumulative
         1 opened cursors current
         2 parse count (total)
         1 process last non-idle time
         2 session cursor cache count
        68 session logical reads
         1 sorts (memory)
      2024 sorts (rows)
      4200 table fetch by rowid
         3 user calls

We can see that it only required just 68 consistent gets to return 4200 rows, thanks to the excellent data clustering and associated very low Clustering Factor.

If we look at the cost of this plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'c376kdhy5b0x9',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |    80 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   455K|      80 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

We can see the cost of the plan is currently a relatively accurate 80.

OK, let’s now perform an update on this table that generates a bunch of migrated rows:

SQL> update bowie set name='THE RISE AND FALL OF BOWIE STARDUST AND THE SPIDERS FROM MARS';

200,000 rows updated.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

If we now look at the table and index statistics:

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE              200000      4906

We can see that the table blocks value has increased to 4906 (previously 3268). This as explained previously is to due in large part to the increased NAME column values and also due to the pointers in the original table blocks that point to the new locations of the migrated rows.

This relates to approximately a 50% increase in table blocks.

If we look at the current index statistics:

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE';

   INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
_____________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE_ID_I            1            473                 3250

We can see that these values are all unchanged, as the ROWIDs in indexes remain unchanged when a row migrates, when ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT is not set.

Therefore, when we re-run these same queries:

SQL> select * from bowie where id between 1 and 1000;

1,000 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gz5u92hmjwz1h, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     666 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     666 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 DB time
       7967 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
        664 buffer is not pinned count
       1664 buffer is pinned count
        324 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     171419 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
        666 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
        666 consistent gets from cache
        665 consistent gets pin
        665 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
    5455872 logical read bytes from cache
        665 no work - consistent read gets
         37 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
        666 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       1000 table fetch by rowid
        327 table fetch continued row
          3 user calls

The number of consistent gets has increased significantly to 666 (previously it was just 18).

Now we can attributed an increase of approximately 50% of the previous consistent gets (18 x 0.50 = 9) due to the 50% increase in table blocks required now to store the rows due to the increased row size.

We can also attribute an additional 327 consistent gets for the table fetch continued row value listed in the statistics, representing the extra consistent gets required to access the migrated rows from their new physical location.

But 18 + 9 + 327 = 354 still leaves us short of the new 666 consistent gets value.

The problem with having to visit another table block to get a row from its new location is that it means Oracle has to re-access again the original table block to get the next row (rather than reading multiple rows with the same consistent get).

So it’s actually approximately 2 x table fetch continued row, by which the number of consistent gets is going to increase when accessing migrated rows (noting that the last migrated row in a block will only incur a additional consistent get as the next table block accessed will differ regardless).

If we look at the new CBO cost for this plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'gz5u92hmjwz1h',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gz5u92hmjwz1h, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |    21 (100)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     666 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   1000 |   163K|      21 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     666 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |       |       4 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)

 

We notice the CBO cost for this plan remains unchanged at 21.

This is totally to be expected, as the index statistics by which the cost of an index scan is calculated are unchanged.

Considering the rough “rule of thumb” is that the CBO cost of an index scan should be in the ball-park of the number of possible IOs, the fact the plan now uses 666 consistent gets highlights this cost of just 21 is no longer as accurate…

If we look at the second SQL that returns 4200 rows:

SQL> select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          2 CPU used by this session
          2 CPU used when call started
          2 DB time
      14103 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
       2762 buffer is not pinned count
       7005 buffer is pinned count
        324 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
      461947 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
           2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
           2 calls to kcmgcs
        2771 consistent gets
           1 consistent gets examination
           1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
        2771 consistent gets from cache
        2770 consistent gets pin
        2770 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
           2 execute count
           1 index range scans
    22700032 logical read bytes from cache
        2770 no work - consistent read gets
          72 non-idle wait count
           2 opened cursors cumulative
           1 opened cursors current
           2 parse count (total)
           1 process last non-idle time
           2 session cursor cache count
        2771 session logical reads
           1 sorts (memory)
        2024 sorts (rows)
        4200 table fetch by rowid
        1366 table fetch continued row
           3 user calls

We again notice consistent gets has increased significantly to 2771 (previously it was just 68). Again, these additional consistent gets can not be attributed to the extra size of the table and the additional approximate 2 x 1366 table fetch continued row gets.

If we now look at the cost of this plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'c376kdhy5b0x9',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________

SQL_ID c376kdhy5b0x9, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1405654398

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name       | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |            |      1 |        |       |    80 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|      80 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2771 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

We again notice the CBO cost for this plan remains unchanged at 80, again totally expected as the underlying index statistics have remain unchanged after the update statement.

But again, not necessary as accurate a cost as it was previously…

 

If we repeat this demo, but this time on a table with ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT enabled:

SQL> create table bowie2(id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, code4 number, code5 number, code6 number, code7 number, code8 number, code9 number, code10 number, code11 number, code12 number, code13 number, code14 number, code15 number, code16 number, code17 number, code18 number, code19 number, code20 number, name varchar2(142)) PCTFREE 0 ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT;

Table BOWIE2 created.

SQL> insert into bowie2 SELECT rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, rownum, 'BOWIE' FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 200000;

200,000 rows inserted.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE2', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> create index bowie2_id_i on bowie2(id);

Index BOWIE2_ID_I created.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE2';

   TABLE_NAME    NUM_ROWS    BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE2             200000      3268

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE2';

        INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
__________________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE2_ID_I                1            473                 3250

 

The table and index statistics are currently identical to the previous demo.

If we run the same two equivalent queries:

 

SQL> select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 1000;

1,000 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gtkw2704bxj7q, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 3243780227

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
       7909 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         16 buffer is not pinned count
       1985 buffer is pinned count
        325 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     171306 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
         18 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
         18 consistent gets from cache
         17 consistent gets pin
         17 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
     147456 logical read bytes from cache
         17 no work - consistent read gets
         37 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
         18 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       1000 table fetch by rowid
     3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'gtkw2704bxj7q',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gtkw2704bxj7q, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 3243780227

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |       |    21 (100)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   1000 |   108K|      21 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |      18 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |       |       4 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       4 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)



SQL> select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
          2 DB time
      13157 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         59 buffer is not pinned count
       8342 buffer is pinned count
        325 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     461838 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
         68 consistent gets
          1 consistent gets examination
          1 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
         68 consistent gets from cache
         67 consistent gets pin
         67 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
     557056 logical read bytes from cache
         67 no work - consistent read gets
         73 non-idle wait count
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
         68 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       4200 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'25qktyn35b662',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |       |    80 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   455K|      80 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      68 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      11 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      11 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

With identical table/index statistics, we notice as expected that both SQLs have the same consistent gets and CBO costs as with the previous demo.

If we now repeat the equivalent Update statement:

SQL> update bowie2 set name='THE RISE AND FALL OF BOWIE STARDUST AND THE SPIDERS FROM MARS';

200,000 rows updated.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE2', estimate_percent=> null, no_invalidate=>false);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

If we look at the table statistics:

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE2';

   TABLE_NAME   NUM_ROWS     BLOCKS
_____________ ___________ _________
BOWIE2             200000      4654

 

We notice the number of table blocks has increased to 4654 due to the increased row lengths, but not as much as with the previous demo (where table blocks increased to 4906) as in this scenario, Oracle does not have to store the row location pointers in the original blocks for the migrated rows.

If we look at the index statistics:

SQL> select index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE2';

    INDEX_NAME    BLEVEL    LEAF_BLOCKS    CLUSTERING_FACTOR
______________ _________ ______________ ____________________
BOWIE2_ID_I            2            945               109061

We notice that these are substantially different from the first demo, where ROWIDs for migrated rows are not updated on the fly.

By now updating the ROWIDs, the indexes can possibly increase in size as they have to store both the previous and new ROWIDs in separate index entries and hence Oracle is more likely to perform additional index block splits (as I discussed in my previous post).

The LEAF_BLOCKS are now 945 (previously 473) and even the BLEVEL has increased from 1 to 2.

Additionally, and perhaps importantly for specific key indexes, the Clustering Factor value of indexes can also be impacted. By migrating rows and physically storing them in different locations, this can potentially detrimentally impact the tight clustering of rows based on specific column values.

The Clustering Factor for the index on the monotonically increased ID column has now increased significantly to 109061, up from the previously perfect 3250.

So columns that have naturally good clustering (e.g.: monotonically increasing values such as IDs and dates) or have been manually well clustered for performance purposes, can have the Clustering Factor of associated indexes detrimentally impacted by migrated rows.

If we re-run the first query:

SQL> select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 1000;

1,000 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gtkw2704bxj7q, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 3243780227

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     639 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     639 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       7 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          1 CPU used by this session
          1 CPU used when call started
          1 DB time
      15262 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
        634 buffer is not pinned count
       1367 buffer is pinned count
        325 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     171421 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
        639 consistent gets
          2 consistent gets examination
          2 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
        639 consistent gets from cache
        637 consistent gets pin
        637 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
          2 execute count
          1 index range scans
    5234688 logical read bytes from cache
        637 no work - consistent read gets
         38 non-idle wait count
          1 non-idle wait time
          2 opened cursors cumulative
          1 opened cursors current
          2 parse count (total)
          1 process last non-idle time
          2 session cursor cache count
        639 session logical reads
          1 sorts (memory)
       2024 sorts (rows)
       1000 table fetch by rowid
          3 user calls

I discussed in a previous post how by updating the ROWIDs of migrated rows we can improve performance, as Oracle can go directly to the correct new physical location of a migrated row.

But for some specific indexes, where data clustering is crucial, and we have a significant number migrated rows, this might not necessarily be the case.

We can see consistent gets here has increased to 639 (previously is was just 21), and so not hugely different from the 666 consistent gets required to fetch the migrated rows when the ROWIDs were not updated in the first demo.

If we look at the CBO costings:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'gtkw2704bxj7q',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID gtkw2704bxj7q, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 1000

Plan hash value: 3243780227

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |       |   553 (100)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     639 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   1000 |   163K|     553 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |     639 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   1000 |       |       7 (0)|   1000 |00:00:00.01 |       7 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=1000)

 

We can see the CBO cost has increased significantly to 553 (previously it was just 21).

With a much increased Clustering Factor, this will obviously impact the CBO costs of associated index scans.

In very extreme cases, these possible changes in the Clustering Factor can even impact the viability of using the index.

If we re-run the second query returning the 4200 rows:

SQL> select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1495904576

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name   | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |        |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE2 |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

We can see that the CBO has now chosen to perform a Full Table Scan (FTS), rather than use the now less efficient index to return this number of rows.

If we look at the CBO costings of this FTS plan:

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'25qktyn35b662',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID 25qktyn35b662, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 1495904576

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                  | Name   | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT           |        |      1 |        |       |  1264 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
|* 1 |  TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE2 |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    1264 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.02 |    4572 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - storage(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))
       filter(("ID"<=4200 AND "ID">=1))

 

The cost of the FTS plan is 1264.

If we compare this is a plan that used the index:

SQL> select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200;

4,200 rows selected.

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID bzm2vhchqpq7w, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      21 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

Note
-----
   - automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1 because of no expensive parallel operation

Statistics
-----------------------------------------------------------
          2 CPU used by this session
          2 CPU used when call started
          2 DB time
      14531 RM usage
          3 Requests to/from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
       2646 buffer is not pinned count
       5755 buffer is pinned count
        348 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
     462143 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
          2 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss
          2 calls to kcmgcs
       2665 consistent gets
         2 consistent gets examination
         2 consistent gets examination (fastpath)
      2665 consistent gets from cache
      2663 consistent gets pin
      2663 consistent gets pin (fastpath)
         2 execute count
         1 index range scans
  21831680 logical read bytes from cache
      2663 no work - consistent read gets
        73 non-idle wait count
         2 opened cursors cumulative
         1 opened cursors current
         2 parse count (total)
         3 process last non-idle time
         2 session cursor cache count
      2665 session logical reads
         1 sorts (memory)
      2024 sorts (rows)
      4200 table fetch by rowid
         3 user calls

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor(sql_id=>'bzm2vhchqpq7w',format=>'ALLSTATS LAST +cost +bytes'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SQL_ID bzm2vhchqpq7w, child number 0

-------------------------------------

select /*+ index (bowie2) */ * from bowie2 where id between 1 and 4200

Plan hash value: 3243780227

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                            | Name        | Starts | E-Rows |E-Bytes| Cost (%CPU)| A-Rows | A-Time     | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |             |      1 |        |       |  2314 (100)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|  1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE2      |      1 |   4200 |   684K|    2314 (1)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |    2665 |
|* 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE2_ID_I |      1 |   4200 |       |      22 (0)|   4200 |00:00:00.01 |      21 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

2 - access("ID">=1 AND "ID"<=4200)

 

The cost of using the index to retrieve the 4200 rows is 2310, more than the 1264 of the FTS.

 

For the vast majority of indexes, updating the ROWIDs for migrated rows will result in better performance, as such indexes will be able to directly access the correct new physical location of migrated rows, rather than having to visit the original table block and then follow the stored pointer to the new table block.

But for some very specific indexes, where data clustering is crucial, AND we have a significant number migrated rows, this might not necessarily be the case. The performance benefit might be minimal at best.

That’s more than enough for one post 🙂

In my next post, I’ll discuss how to potentially remedy these performance implications, both for tables with or without ENABLE TABLE MOVEMENT enabled…

When Does A ROWID Change? Part IV (“Mass Production”) December 21, 2022

Posted by Richard Foote in Attribute Clustering, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, Changing ROWID, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Flashback, Move Partitions, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Partitioning, Richard's Blog, ROWID.
1 comment so far

In Part II in this series, I discussed how the update of the partitioned key column of a row that results in the row being moved to a different partition, will result in the ROWID of such rows changing.

However, there a quite a number of other user initiated actions in which ROWIDs can easily change (as indeed discussed in Connor McDonald’s video on this subject).

Some of these include:

  • Moving a table or partition, as this results in the segment being reorganised, with all associated rows being physically relocated and their associated ROWIDs changing
  • Altering a non-partitioned table such that it be now be partitioned, which again results in the physical relocation of all rows and their ROWIDs changing (which BTW, can potentially occur on a Autonomous Database without any user intervention)
  • Altering the partitioning strategy of a partitioned table, again changes the physical location of all rows
  • Hybrid Columnar Compression (HCC), which by packing rows more tightly, can more likely result in the physical relocation of a row during subsequent DML statements
  • Altering a table to Shrink Space, which attempts to move rows between table blocks to pack rows more tightly, again potentially resulting in rows physically moving and the changing of their associated ROWIDs
  • Flashback of a table, which results in rows being deleted and inserted and hence the change of their associated ROWIDs

I’ll illustrate an example of all this, with one of the key reasons why you may want to re-organise a table (and implicitly change all the ROWIDs of a table).

I’ll start by creating and populating a simple little table, with a CODE column that has very poorly clustered data:

SQL> create table bowie (id number, code number, name varchar2(42));

Table created.

SQL> insert into bowie select rownum, mod(rownum, 500), 'DAVID BOWIE' from dual connect by level <=1000000;

1000000 rows created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Let’s now create an index on this CODE column:

SQL> create index bowie_code_i on bowie(code);

Index created.

We take note of the ROWIDs of a few random rows:

SQL> select id, rowid from bowie where id in (42, 4242, 424242) order by id;

        ID ROWID
---------- ------------------
        42 AAASn1AAMAAAgB2AAp
      4242 AAASn1AAMAAAgCHACL
    424242 AAASn1AAMAAAgbtAAJ

If we run a simple query with a predicate based on the CODE column:

SQL> select * from bowie where code=42;

2000 rows selected.

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1845943507

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name  | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |       | 2000 | 42000 |    1004 (2)| 00:00:01 |
| * 1 |  TABLE ACCESS FULL | BOWIE | 2000 | 42000 |    1004 (2)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - filter("CODE"=42)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
       3596 consistent gets
          0 physical reads
          0 redo size
      20757 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
         52 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
       2000 rows processed

We notice the CBO has chosen to ignore the index and use a FTS instead, even though only 2000 rows in a 1M row table (just 0.2%) are returned.

Why?

Because the clustering of the CODE data is terrible, with the required values littered throughout the table. If we look at the Clustering Factor of the index:

SQL> select index_name, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where index_name='BOWIE_CODE_I';

INDEX_NAME   LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------ ----------- -----------------
BOWIE_CODE_I        2063           1000000

We notice the index has the worst possible Clustering Factor value of 1000000.

So to improve the performance of this (say critical) query, we can add a Clustering Attribute to this table based on the CODE column and then reorganise the table:

SQL> alter table bowie add clustering by linear order (code);

Table altered.

SQL> alter table bowie move online;

Table altered.

If we now look at the Clustering Factor of the index:

SQL> select index_name, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where index_name='BOWIE_CODE_I';

INDEX_NAME   LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------ ----------- -----------------
BOWIE_CODE_I        2063              3568

We can see it has substantially improved, down to just 3568 from the previous 1000000 value, as the data is now perfectly clustered based on the CODE column.

If we now re-run the query:

SQL> select * from bowie where code=42;

2000 rows selected.

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 853003755

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                            | Name         | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                     |              | 2000 | 42000 |      15 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE        | 2000 | 42000 |      15 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| * 2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN                   | BOWIE_CODE_I | 2000 |       |       7 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("CODE"=42) 

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
         17 consistent gets
          0 physical reads
          0 redo size
      50735 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
         52 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
       2000 rows processed

The CBO now choses to use the index and the query is much more efficient as a result (consistent gets down to just 17 from the previous 3596).

So all is now much better, except for any application that was reliant on using ROWIDs to fetch the data, as all ROWIDs have now changed:

SQL> select id, rowid from bowie where id in (42, 4242, 424242) order by id;

        ID ROWID
---------- ------------------
        42 AAASn6AAMAAAACvAEf
      4242 AAASn6AAMAAAiRaAA4
    424242 AAASn6AAMAAAiRWAEQ

So there are many ways in which the ROWID of a row can potentially change.

And now there’s another key manner in which a ROWID can very easily change in Oracle Autonomous Database environments, as I’ll next discuss…

Automatic Indexes: Scenarios Where Automatic Indexes NOT Created Part III (“Loaded”) April 28, 2022

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, Advanced Index Compression, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Exadata, Index Access Path, Index Column Order, Index Compression, Oracle, Oracle 21c, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Overloading.
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In my previous two posts, I’ve discussed scenarios where Automatic Indexing (AI) does not currently created automatic indexes and you may need to manually create the necessary indexes.

In this post, I’ll discuss a third scenario where AI will create an index, but you may want to manually create an even better one…

I’ll start by creating a relatively “large” table, with 20+ columns:

SQL> create table bowie_overload (id number, code1 number, code2 number, stuff1 varchar2(42), stuff2 varchar2(42), stuff3 varchar2(42), stuff4 varchar2(42), stuff5 varchar2(42), stuff6 varchar2(42), stuff7 varchar2(42), stuff8 varchar2(42), stuff9 varchar2(42), stuff10 varchar2(42), stuff11 varchar2(42), stuff12 varchar2(42), stuff13 varchar2(42), stuff14 varchar2(42), stuff15 varchar2(42), stuff16 varchar2(42), stuff17 varchar2(42), stuff18 varchar2(42), stuff19 varchar2(42), stuff20 varchar2(42), name varchar2(42));

Table created.

SQL> insert into bowie_overload select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000)+1, '42', 'David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke', 'David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke','David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke','David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke', 'The Spiders From Mars' from dual connect by level <= 10000000;

10000000 rows created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE_OVERLOAD');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

The main columns to note here are CODE1 which contains 1000 distinct values (and so is kinda selective on a 10M row table, but not spectacularly so, especially with a poor clustering factor) and CODE2 which always contains the same value of “42” (and so will compress wonderfully for maximum effect).

I’ll next run the following query a number of times:

SQL> select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42;

10000 rows selected.

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1883860831

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                 | Name           | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |                | 10000 | 70000 |  74817 (1) | 00:00:03 |
| * 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | 10000 | 70000 |  74817 (1) | 00:00:03 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("CODE1"=24)
    filter("CODE1"=24)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
     869893 consistent gets
     434670 physical reads
          0 redo size
     183890 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       7378 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
        668 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
      10000 rows processed

 

Without an index, the CBO currently has no choice but to perform a FTS. An index on the CODE1 column would provide the necessary filtering to fetch and return the required rows.

BUT, if this query was important enough, we could improve things further by “Overloading” this index with the CODE2 column, so we could use the index exclusively to get all the necessary data, without having to access the table at all. Considering an index on just the CODE1 column would need to fetch a reasonable number of rows (10000) and would need to visit a substantial number of different table blocks due to its poor clustering, overloading the index in this scenario would substantially reduce the necessary workloads of this query.

So what does AI do in this scenario, is overloading an index considered?

If we look at the AI report:

GENERAL INFORMATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activity start              : 28-APR-2022 12:15:45
Activity end                : 28-APR-2022 12:16:33
Executions completed        : 1
Executions interrupted      : 0
Executions with fatal error : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index candidates                             : 1
Indexes created (visible / invisible)        : 1 (1 / 0)
Space used (visible / invisible)             : 134.22 MB (134.22 MB / 0 B)
Indexes dropped                              : 0
SQL statements verified                      : 2
SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 2 (47.1x)
SQL plan baselines created                   : 0
Overall improvement factor                   : 47.1x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused indexes   : 0
Space used       : 0 B
Unusable indexes : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table          | Index                | Key   | Type   | Properties |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h | CODE1 | B-TREE | NONE       |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID              : bh5cuyv8ga0bt
SQL Text            : select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42
Improvement Factor  : 46.9x

Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
                    Original Plan                Auto Index Plan
                    ---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s):   42619069                     241844
CPU Time (s):       25387841                     217676
Buffer Gets:        12148771                     18499
Optimizer Cost:     74817                        10021
Disk Reads:         6085380                      9957
Direct Writes:      0                            0
Rows Processed:     140000                       10000
Executions:         14                           1

PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 1883860831

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation         | Name           | Rows  | Bytes | Cost  | Time       |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |                |       |       | 74817 |            |
|  1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | 10000 | 70000 | 74817 | 00:00:03   |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 2541132923

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                           | Name                 | Rows  | Bytes | Cost  | Time       |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                      |  9281 | 64967 | 10021 | 00:00:01   |
|   1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE_OVERLOAD       |  9281 | 64967 | 10021 | 00:00:01   |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN                    | SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h | 10000 |       |    18 | 00:00:01   |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 2 - access("CODE1"=42)

Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )

 

We see that an automatic index on just the CODE1 column was created.

 

SQL> select index_name, auto, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor
from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD';

INDEX_NAME                AUT VISIBILIT COMPRESSION   STATUS     NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- -----------------
SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h      YES VISIBLE   ADVANCED LOW  VALID      10000000       15363          10000000

SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position
from user_ind_columns where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD' order by index_name, column_position;

INDEX_NAME                COLUMN_NAME     COLUMN_POSITION
------------------------- --------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h      CODE1                         1

 

If we now re-run the query (noting in Oracle21c after you invalidate the current cursor):

 

SQL> select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42;

10000 rows selected.

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2541132923

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                           | Name                 |  Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                      | 10000 | 70000 |   10021 (1)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE_OVERLOAD       | 10000 | 70000 |   10021 (1)| 00:00:01 |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN                    | SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h | 10000 |       |      18 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

2 - access("CODE1"=42)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      10021 consistent gets
          0 physical reads
          0 redo size
      50890 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
         63 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          3 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
      10000 rows processed

The query now uses the newly created automatic index.

BUT, at 10021 consistent gets, it’s still doing a substantial amount to work here.

If we manually create another index that overloads the only other column (CODE2) required in this query:

SQL> create index bowie_overload_code1_code2_i on bowie_overload(code1,code2) compress advanced low;

Index created.

I’m using COMPRESS ADVANCED LOW as used by the automatic index, noting that CODE2 only contains the value “42” for all rows, making it particularly perfect for compression and a “best case” scenario when it comes to the minimal overheads potentially associated with overloading this index (I’m trying yo give AI every chance here):

SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor
from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD';

INDEX_NAME                     AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION   STATUS     NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- -----------------
SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h           YES NO  VISIBLE   ADVANCED LOW  VALID      10000000       15363          10000000
BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I   NO  NO  VISIBLE   ADVANCED LOW  VALID      10000000       15363          10000000

SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position
from user_ind_columns where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD' order by index_name, column_position;

INDEX_NAME                     COLUMN_NAME     COLUMN_POSITION
------------------------------ --------------- ---------------
BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I   CODE1                         1
BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I   CODE2                         2
SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h           CODE1                         1

In fact, my manually created index is effectively the same size as the automatic index, with the same number (15363) of leaf blocks.

So I’m giving AI the best possible scenario in which it could potentially create an overloaded index.

But I’ve never been able to get AI to create overloaded indexes. Only columns in filtering predicates are considered for inclusion in automatic indexes.

If I now re-run my query again:

SQL> select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42;

10000 rows selected.

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1161047960

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation        | Name                         |  Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT |                              | 10000 | 70000 |      18 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| * 1 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I | 10000 | 70000 |      18 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - access("CODE1"=42)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
         21 consistent gets
          0 physical reads
          0 redo size
      50890 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
         63 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          3 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
      10000 rows processed

We notice the CBO now uses the manually created index without any table access path, as it can just use the index to access the necessary data.

The number of consistent gets as a result has reduced significantly, down to just 21, a fraction of the previous 10021 when the automatic index was used.

So the scenario an of overloaded index that could significantly reduce database resources, which is currently not supported by AI, is another example of where may want to manually create a necessary index.

As always, this may change in the future releases…

Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Poor Data Clustering With Autonomous Databases Part III (Star) August 11, 2020

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Attribute Clustering, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Exadata, Index Access Path, Index Internals, Index statistics, Oracle, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle Indexes, Performance Tuning.
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In Part I we looked at a scenario where an index was deemed to be too inefficient for Automatic Indexing to create a VALID index, because of the poor clustering of data within the table.

In Part II we improved the data clustering but the previous SQLs could still not generate a new Automatic Index because they had effectively been blacklisted.

So how do we get Automatic Indexing to improve the performance of these queries?

Basically, we need to run some new SQL statements to those previously run which have not been blacklisted, that can make the Automatic Indexing process kick in and create the necessary indexes.

For example, if we now run the following SQL statements that have not previously run:

select * from nickcave where code=1;

select * from nickcave where code=2;

select * from nickcave where code=3;

 

And now wait for the next Automatic Indexing process period and look at the following (partial) Automatic Indexing report:

 

REPORT

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERAL INFORMATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activity start               : 22-JUN-2020 04:26:31
Activity end                 : 22-JUN-2020 04:27:25
Executions completed         : 1
Executions interrupted       : 0
Executions with fatal error  : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Index candidates                              : 0
Indexes created (visible / invisible)         : 1 (1 / 0)
Space used (visible / invisible)              : 167.77 MB (167.77 MB / 0 B)
Indexes dropped                               : 0
SQL statements verified                       : 3
SQL statements improved (improvement factor)  : 3 (76x)
SQL plan baselines created                    : 0
Overall improvement factor                    : 76x


INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table    | Index                | Key  | Type   | Properties |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | NICKCAVE | SYS_AI_dh8pumfww3f4r | CODE | B-TREE | NONE       |
------------------------------------------------------------------------

VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Parsing Schema Name  : BOWIE
SQL ID               : 5k1wmtu7um5q9
SQL Text             : select * from nickcave where code=1
Improvement Factor   : 76x

Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------

                   Original Plan                   Auto Index Plan
                   ----------------------------  ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s):  1725103                       106145
CPU Time (s):      1534305                       62314
Buffer Gets:       291835                        779
Optimizer Cost:    9125                          792
Disk Reads:        0                             197
Direct Writes:     0                             0
Rows Processed:    500000                        100000
Executions:        5                             1

 

We can see that an index has indeed now been created on the CODE column because one of the new statements is now deemed to be 76x more efficient thanks to the new index.

If we look at details of this new Automatic Index:

 

SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor
from user_indexes where table_name='NICKCAVE';

INDEX_NAME           AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION   STATUS     NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
-------------------- --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- -----------------
SYS_AI_dh8pumfww3f4r YES NO  VISIBLE   DISABLED      VALID      10000000       19518             57983

SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns
where table_name='NICKCAVE'
order by index_name, column_position;

INDEX_NAME           COLUMN_NAME          COLUMN_POSITION
-------------------- -------------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_dh8pumfww3f4r CODE                               1

 

We can see that the index is now indeed VALID and VISIBLE with a much improved Clustering Factor at just 57983.

If we now re-run newer SQL statement:

 

SQL> select * from nickcave where code=1;

100000 rows selected.

Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                              | Name                | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                      |                      |  100K | 3613K |  792   (2) | 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  PX COORDINATOR                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   PX SEND QC (RANDOM)                 | :TQ10001             |  100K | 3613K |  792   (2) | 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| NICKCAVE             |  100K | 3613K |  792   (2) | 00:00:01 |
|   4 |     BUFFER SORT                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   5 |      PX RECEIVE                       |                      |  100K |       |  205   (4) | 00:00:01 |
|   6 |       PX SEND HASH (BLOCK ADDRESS)    | :TQ10000             |  100K |       |  205   (4) | 00:00:01 |
|   7 |        PX SELECTOR                    |                      |       |       |            |          |
|*  8 |           INDEX RANGE SCAN            | SYS_AI_dh8pumfww3f4r |  100K |       |  205   (4) | 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   8 - access("CODE"=1)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          12  recursive calls
           0  db block gets
         779  consistent gets
           0  physical reads
         176  redo size
     2363897  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       73914  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
        6668  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
           2  sorts (memory)
           0  sorts (disk)
      100000  rows processed

 

We notice the SQL statement is now indeed using this new Automatic Index.

If we now re-run our original SQL statement that had been using a FTS execution plan and that we couldn’t make Automatic Indexing create a VALID index because when originally run, the data clustering was too poor within the table:

SQL> select * from nickcave where code=42;

100000 rows selected.

Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                              | Name                | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                      |                      |  100K | 3613K |  792   (2) | 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  PX COORDINATOR                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   PX SEND QC (RANDOM)                 | :TQ10001             |  100K | 3613K |  792   (2) | 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| NICKCAVE             |  100K | 3613K |  792   (2) | 00:00:01 |
|   4 |     BUFFER SORT                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   5 |      PX RECEIVE                       |                      |  100K |       |  205   (4) | 00:00:01 |
|   6 |       PX SEND HASH (BLOCK ADDRESS)    | :TQ10000             |  100K |       |  205   (4) | 00:00:01 |
|   7 |        PX SELECTOR                    |                      |       |       |            |          |
|*  8 |         INDEX RANGE SCAN              | SYS_AI_dh8pumfww3f4r |  100K |       |  205   (4) | 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

    8 - access("CODE"=42)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          14  recursive calls
           4  db block gets
         780  consistent gets
         198  physical reads
       15224  redo size
     2363897  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       73914  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
        6668  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
           2  sorts (memory)
           0  sorts (disk)
      100000  rows processed

 

This query is now also finally using the newly created index, because the CBO now too deems it to be more efficient with an index based execution plan.

The moral of the story. Automatic Indexing may initially deem a potential index to not be efficient enough to be created. However, things may change such as the clustering of table data (or the distribution of data values, etc. etc.) that may make a new index now viable. This though requires a NEW SQL statement to be executed, such that a non-blacklisted SQL can invoke the Automatic Indexing process to create the necessary Automatic Index.

Of course, things may change in the future. Future releases may have the facility to automatically re-cluster the data in tables optimally based on existing workloads and may also have a mechanism to identify that things have sufficient “changed” such that previously “failed” SQL statements from an Automatic Indexing perspective may warrant reevaluation.

This has only been tested up to version Oracle Database 19.5 of the Oracle Autonomous Database environments.

Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Common Index Creation Trap (Rat Trap) June 30, 2020

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, ASSM, Automatic Indexing, CBO, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Oracle Indexes, TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS.
1 comment so far

When I go to a customer site to resolve performance issues, one of the most common issues I encounter is in relation to inefficient SQL. And one of the most common causes for inefficient SQL I encounter is because of deficiencies the default manner by which the index Clustering Factor is calculated.

When it comes to both Automatic Indexes and in relation to the Oracle Autonomous Database Cloud Services, the “flawed” default manner by which the index Clustering Factor is calculated still applies. So we need to exercise some caution when Auto Indexes are created and the impact their default statistics can have on the performance of subsequent SQL statements.

To illustrate with a simple example, I’ll first create a table with the key column being the ID column which will be effectively unique. The table will be populated via a basic procedure that just inserts 1M rows. The procedure uses an ORDER sequence, such that the ID values are generated in a monotonically increasing manner:

SQL> create table bowie_assm (id number, code number, name varchar2(42));

Table created.

SQL> create sequence bowie_assm_seq order;

Sequence created.

Procedure created.

SQL> create or replace procedure pop_bowie_assm as
2  begin
3    for i in 1..1000000 loop
4      insert into bowie_assm values (bowie_assm_seq.nextval, mod(i,1000), 'DAVID BOWIE');
5      commit;
6    end loop;
7  end;
8  /

Procedure created.

 

However crucially, the procedure is executed by 3 different session concurrently, to simulate a multi user environment inserting into a table…

 

SQL> exec pop_bowie_assm

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

We’ll now collect statistics on the table:

 

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE_ASSM');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select table_name, num_rows, blocks from user_tables where table_name='BOWIE_ASSM';

TABLE_NAME        NUM_ROWS     BLOCKS
--------------- ---------- ----------
BOWIE_ASSM         3000000      12137

 

So the table has 3M rows and is 12137 blocks in size.

If we run an SQL a few times where we select only the one ID value:

 

SQL> select * from bowie_assm where id = 42;

Execution Plan
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                    | Name       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT             |            |     1 |    22 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  PX COORDINATOR              |            |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   PX SEND QC (RANDOM)        | :TQ10000   |     1 |    22 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    PX BLOCK ITERATOR         |            |     1 |    22 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
|*  4 |     TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL| BOWIE_ASSM |     1 |    22 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

4 - storage("ID"=42)
    filter("ID"=42)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
         6  recursive calls
         0  db block gets
     12138  consistent gets
         0  physical reads
         0  redo size
       707  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       588  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
         2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         0  sorts (memory)
         0  sorts (disk)
         1  rows processed

 

The execution plan shows a Full Table Scan (FTS) is invoked, the only choice the CBO has without an index on the ID column. Clearly an index on the ID column would make the plan substantially more efficient with just 1 row selected from a 3M row table. Hopefully, Automatic Indexing will come to our rescue, so let’s check out the subsequent Automatic Indexing Report:

 

REPORT

SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index candidates                              : 1
Indexes created (visible / invisible)         : 1 (1 / 0)
Space used (visible / invisible)              : 58.72 MB (58.72 MB / 0 B)
Indexes dropped                               : 0
SQL statements verified                       : 2
SQL statements improved (improvement factor)  : 1 (1.2x)
SQL plan baselines created                    : 0
Overall improvement factor                    : 1.1x

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The following indexes were created:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table      | Index                | Key | Type   | Properties |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | BOWIE_ASSM | SYS_AI_2w1pss6qbdz6z | ID  | B-TREE | NONE       |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

So yes indeed, an Automatic Index (SYS_AI_2w1pss6qbdz6z) was created on the ID column.

If we look at the default Clustering Factor of this index:

 

SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, status, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE_ASSM';

INDEX_NAME           AUT CON VISIBILIT STATUS   CLUSTERING_FACTOR
-------------------- --- --- --------- -------- -----------------
SYS_AI_2w1pss6qbdz6z YES NO  VISIBLE   VALID              2504869

 

We notice the Clustering Factor is relatively high at 2504869, much higher than the 12137 number of blocks in the table.

But if the ID column in the table has been loaded via a monotonically increasing sequence, doesn’t that mean the ID values have been inserted in approximately in ID order? If so, doesn’t that mean the ID column should have a “good” Clustering Factor” as the order of the rows in the table matches the order of the indexed values in the ID index?

Clearly not.

The reason being that the table is stored in the default Automatic Segment Space Management (ASSM) tablespace type, which is designed to avoid contention by concurrent inserts from different sessions. Therefore each of the 3 sessions inserting into the table are each assigned to different table blocks, resulting in the rows not being precisely inserted in ID order. It’s very close to ID order, the the ID values clustered within a few blocks from each other, but not precisely stored in ID order.

However, by default, the Clustering Factor is calculated by reading each index entry and determining if it references a ROWID that accesses a table block different from the PREVIOUS index entry. If it does differ, it increments the Clustering Factor, if it doesn’t differ and accesses the same table block as the previous index entry, the Clustering Factor is NOT incremented.

So in theory, we could have 100 rows that reside in just 2 different table blocks, but if the odd IDs live in one block and the even IDs live in the other block, meaning that each ID is stored in a different table block to the previous, the Clustering Factor would have a value of 100 for these 100 rows, even though they only occupy 2 table blocks. The Clustering Factor is therefore much higher than in reality it should be as ultimately only 2 different table blocks are accessed within a negligible time from each other.

This is the “flaw” with how the default Clustering Factor is calculated. By noting if a table block access differs only from the previous table block accessed, it leaves the Clustering Factor calculation susceptible to exaggerated high values when the data really is relatively well clustered within the table.

If we run the same SQL as previously which only selects one ID value:

 

SQL> select * from bowie_assm where id = 42;

Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                             | Name                 | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                      |                      |     1 |    22 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  PX COORDINATOR                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   PX SEND QC (RANDOM)                 | :TQ10001             |     1 |    22 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| BOWIE_ASSM           |     1 |    22 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |     BUFFER SORT                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   5 |      PX RECEIVE                       |                      |     1 |       |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |       PX SEND HASH (BLOCK ADDRESS)    | :TQ10000             |     1 |       |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |        PX SELECTOR                    |                      |       |       |            |          |
|*  8 |           INDEX RANGE SCAN            | SYS_AI_2w1pss6qbdz6z |     1 |       |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

8 - access("ID"=42)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
        12  recursive calls
         0  db block gets
         4  consistent gets
         0  physical reads
         0  redo size
       707  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       588  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
         2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         2  sorts (memory)
         0  sorts (disk)
         1  rows processed

 

The CBO now uses the new Automatic Index as with just one row, the index is clearly more efficient regardless of the Clustering Factor value.

However, if we now run a query that selects a range of ID values, in this example between 42 and 4242 which represents only a relatively low 0.14% of the table:

 

SQL> select * from bowie_assm where id between 42 and 4242;

4201 rows selected.

Execution Plan
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                    | Name       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT             |            |  4202 | 92444 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  PX COORDINATOR              |            |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   PX SEND QC (RANDOM)        | :TQ10000   |  4202 | 92444 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    PX BLOCK ITERATOR         |            |  4202 | 92444 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
|*  4 |     TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL| BOWIE_ASSM |  4202 | 92444 |  1934   (6)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

4 - storage("ID"<=4242 AND "ID">=42)
    filter("ID"<=4242 AND "ID">=42)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
         8  recursive calls
         4  db block gets
     12138  consistent gets
         0  physical reads
         0  redo size
     54767  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       588  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
         2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         0  sorts (memory)
         0  sorts (disk)
      4201  rows processed

 

The CBO decides to use a Full Table Scan as it deems the index with the massive Clustering Factor to be too expensive, with it having to visit differing blocks for the majority of the estimated 4202 rows (note at 4201 actual rows returned, this estimate by the CBO is practically spot on).

If we force the use of the index via an appropriate hint:

 

SQL> select /*+ index (bowie_assm) */ * from bowie_assm where id between 42 and 4242;

4201 rows selected.

Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                             | Name                 | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                      |                      |  4202 | 92444 |  3530   (1)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  PX COORDINATOR                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   PX SEND QC (RANDOM)                 | :TQ10001             |  4202 | 92444 |  3530   (1)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| BOWIE_ASSM           |  4202 | 92444 |  3530   (1)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |     BUFFER SORT                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   5 |      PX RECEIVE                       |                      |  4202 |       |    12   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |       PX SEND HASH (BLOCK ADDRESS)    | :TQ10000             |  4202 |       |    12   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |        PX SELECTOR                    |                      |       |       |            |          |
|*  8 |         INDEX RANGE SCAN              | SYS_AI_2w1pss6qbdz6z |  4202 |       |    12   (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

8 - access("ID">=42 AND "ID"<=4242)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
        12  recursive calls
         0  db block gets
        26  consistent gets
         0  physical reads
         0  redo size
     54767  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       588  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
         2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         2  sorts (memory)
         0  sorts (disk)
      4201  rows processed

 

Note at an estimated cost of 3530, this is greater than the 1934 cost of the FTS which explains why the CBO decides the FTS is best. However, if we look at the number of Consistent Gets, it’s only 26, meaning the CBO is actually getting these costs way wrong.

Why?

Because of the grossly inflated Clustering Factor.

As I’ve discussed previously, Oracle 12.1 introduced a new TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS preference. Rather than the default value of 1, we can set this to any value up to 255. When calculating the Clustering Factor during statistics collection, it will NOT increment the Clustering Factor if the index visits a table block again that was one of the last “x” distinct table blocks visited. So by setting TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS to (say) 42, if the index visits a block that was one of the last 42 distinct table blocks previously visited, don’t now increment the Clustering Factor. This can therefore generate a much more “accurate” Clustering Factor which can be significantly smaller than previously. This in turn makes the index much more efficient to the CBO because it then estimates far fewer table blocks need be accessed during a range scan.

So let’s change the TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS value for this table to 42 (don’t increment now the Clustering Factor value when collecting statistics if we visit again any of the last 42 differently accessed table blocks) and recollect the segment statistics:

 

SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_table_prefs(ownname=>user, tabname=>'BOWIE_ASSM', pname=>'TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS', pvalue=>42);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE_ASSM', cascade=>true);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

If we now examine the new Clustering Factor value:

 

SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, status, clustering_factor from user_indexes

where table_name='BOWIE_ASSM';

INDEX_NAME           AUT CON VISIBILIT STATUS   CLUSTERING_FACTOR
-------------------- --- --- --------- -------- -----------------
SYS_AI_2w1pss6qbdz6z YES NO  VISIBLE   VALID                11608

 

We can see that at just 11608 it’s substantially less than the previous 2504869.

If we now rerun the previous range scan SQL without the hint:

 

SQL> select * from bowie_assm where id between 42 and 4242;

4201 rows selected.

Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                             | Name                 | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                      |                      |  4202 | 92444 |    30   (4)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  PX COORDINATOR                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   PX SEND QC (RANDOM)                 | :TQ10001             |  4202 | 92444 |    30   (4)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| BOWIE_ASSM           |  4202 | 92444 |    30   (4)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |     BUFFER SORT                       |                      |       |       |            |          |
|   5 |      PX RECEIVE                       |                      |  4202 |       |    12   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |       PX SEND HASH (BLOCK ADDRESS)    | :TQ10000             |  4202 |       |    12   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |        PX SELECTOR                    |                      |       |       |            |          |
|*  8 |           INDEX RANGE SCAN            | SYS_AI_2w1pss6qbdz6z |  4202 |       |    12   (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

8 - access("ID">=42 AND "ID"<=4242)

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
        12  recursive calls
         0  db block gets
        26  consistent gets
         0  physical reads
         0  redo size
     54767  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
       588  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
         2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
         2  sorts (memory)
         0  sorts (disk)
      4201  rows processed

 

We can see the CBO now automatically uses the new Automatic Index. At a new cost of just 30, it’s substantially less than the previous index cost of 3530 and now much less than the 1934 for the FTS and so why the index is now automatically chosen by the CBO.

When Automatic Indexes are created, it’s usually a good idea to check on the Clustering Factor and because default ASSM tablespaces have a tendency to significantly escalate the values of index Clustering Factors, to look at recalculating them with an non-default setting of the TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS statistics collection preference.

Of course, not only is this a good idea for Automatic Indexes, but for manually created indexes as well.

Although no doubt Autonomous Database Cloud services will look at these issues in the future, such self-tuning capabilities are not currently available. You will need to go in there and make these changes as necessary to fix the root issues with such inefficient SQL statements…

Rebuilding Indexes: Danger With Clustering Factor Calculation (Chilly Down) July 17, 2018

Posted by Richard Foote in CBO, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Index Rebuild, Oracle Indexes, TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS.
1 comment so far

chilly down

Let me start by saying if you don’t already following Jonathan Lewis’s excellent Oracle blog, do yourself a favour. In a recent article, Jonathan highlighted a danger with rebuilding indexes (or indeed creating an index) when used in relation to collecting index statistics with the TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS preference.

I’ve discussed the importance of the TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS statistics collection preference a number of times previously, but the issue discussed by Jonathan is worth repeating here.

Let me start by repeating a demo I’ve used previously, by creating a table stored in an ASSM tablespace with data that is well clustered, but reported as being badly clustered due to how the Clustering Factor (CF) is calculated by default.

Firstly, I create a simple table and sequence and run a procedure that populates the table with a monotonically increasing ID column  populated via the sequence. But importantly, the procedure is executed concurrently from 3 separate sessions such that the monotonically increasing ID values are not stored in the table in precisely ID order as each of the 3 sessions inserts rows into different sets of table blocks:

SQL> create table bowie_assm (id number, name varchar2(42));

Table created.

SQL> create sequence bowie_assm_seq order;

Sequence created.

SQL> create or replace procedure pop_bowie_assm as
2 begin
3 for i in 1..100000 loop
4 insert into bowie_assm values (bowie_assm_seq.nextval, 'DAVID BOWIE');
5 commit;
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /

Procedure created.

The following is executed concurrently in 3 different sessions:

SQL> exec pop_bowie_assm

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

If you can imagine 3 different blocks within the table, block one has rows with ID values 1,4,7,10,13,16…, block two has rows with ID values 2,5,8,11,14,17… and block three has rows with ID values 3,6,9,12,15,18…

So the data is well clustered in that the data for a large number of consecutive IDs are stored within a few blocks, but they’re not stored precisely in ID order within the table.

If we now create an index on the ID column and look at the Clustering Factor (CF) of the index:

SQL> create index bowie_assm_id_i on bowie_assm(id);

Index created.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE_ASSM');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> SELECT t.table_name, i.index_name, t.blocks, t.num_rows, i.clustering_factor
2 FROM user_tables t, user_indexes i
3 WHERE t.table_name = i.table_name AND i.index_name='BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I';

TABLE_NAME      INDEX_NAME               BLOCKS   NUM_ROWS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
--------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
BOWIE_ASSM      BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I            1000     300000            219416

We note the calculated CF is extremely poor at 219416 (a value much closer to the number of index entries than the number of blocks in the table) as the default calculation notes that most index entries have a rowid that points to a different table block to the previous index entry rowid.

If we run a query that only requires a moderate number of rows (approx. 0.13% of the table) to be returned:

SQL> select * from bowie_assm where id between 42 and 429;

388 rows selected.

Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation         | Name       | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) |  Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |            |  389 |  6613 |    282 (11) |  00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BOWIE_ASSM |  389 |  6613 |    282 (11) |  00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
   0 recursive calls
   0 db block gets
 974 consistent gets
   0 physical reads
   0 redo size
8869 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
 883 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
  27 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
   0 sorts (memory)
   0 sorts (disk)
 388 rows processed

We note the CBO decides to use a Full Table Scan (FTS) as the index is too costly and inefficient to use with such a poor CF value.

However, if say retrieving 100 rows, the CBO thinks it needs to visit many more table blocks than the 3 blocks that in actual fact contain the 100 rows of interest.

The TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS statistics preference allows us to modify how the CF is calculated by not incrementing the CF value if an index rowid points to a block that was visited just TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS ago.

If we now re-calculate the CF but with the TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS preference set to say 42:

SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_table_prefs(ownname=>user, tabname=>'BOWIE_ASSM', pname=>'TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS', pvalue=>42);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats(ownname=>user, indname=>'BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I',estimate_percent=> null);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> SELECT t.table_name, i.index_name, t.blocks, t.num_rows, i.clustering_factor
2 FROM user_tables t, user_indexes i
3 WHERE t.table_name = i.table_name AND i.index_name='BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I';

TABLE_NAME      INDEX_NAME               BLOCKS   NUM_ROWS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
--------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
BOWIE_ASSM      BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I            1000     300000               909

We notice the CF has dropped significantly, down to just 909 from its previous 219416 value.

If we now re-run the same query as before:

SQL> select * from bowie_assm where id between 42 and 429;

388 rows selected.

Execution Plan
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                           | Name            | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                 |  389 |  6613 |       4 (0) |  00:00:01 |
|  1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE_ASSM      |  389 |  6613 |       4 (0) |  00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN                    | BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I |  389 |       |       2 (0) |  00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
   0  recursive calls
   0  db block gets
   6  consistent gets
   0  physical reads
   0  redo size
8734  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
 608  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
   2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
   0  sorts (memory)
   0  sorts (disk)
 388  rows processed

We notice the CBO now automatically decides to use the index and more importantly, that at just 6 consistent gets, the query is now much more efficient as a result.

The index was always the more efficient access method, but because of the poor CF that was previously calculated, the CBO got it wrong. Now that a more “accurate” CF is calculated, all is now well.

However, if we now decide to rebuild this index:

alter index bowie_assm_id_i rebuild;

Index altered.

SQL> select * from bowie_assm where id between 42 and 429;

388 rows selected.

Execution Plan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation         | Name       | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |            |  389 |  6613 |    282 (11) |  00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BOWIE_ASSM |  389 |  6613 |    282 (11) |  00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
   3 recursive calls
   0 db block gets
 956 consistent gets
   0 physical reads
   0 redo size
4094 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
 608 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
   2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
   0 sorts (memory)
   0 sorts (disk)
 388 rows processed

So we’re back to the less efficient FTS. Why ? A look at the CF reveals the problem:

SQL> SELECT t.table_name, i.index_name, t.blocks, t.num_rows, i.clustering_factor
2 FROM user_tables t, user_indexes i
3 WHERE t.table_name = i.table_name AND i.index_name='BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I';

TABLE_NAME      INDEX_NAME               BLOCKS   NUM_ROWS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
--------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
BOWIE_ASSM      BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I            1000     300000            219416

When the index is rebuilt and so when the index statistics are implicitly recalculated, the TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS preference is ignored. This applies even if this preference is set at the schema or database level:

SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_schema_prefs(ownname=>user, pname=>'TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS', pvalue=>42);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_database_prefs(pname=>'TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS', pvalue=>42);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> alter index bowie_assm_id_i rebuild online;

Index altered.

SQL> SELECT t.table_name, i.index_name, t.blocks, t.num_rows, i.clustering_factor
2 FROM user_tables t, user_indexes i
3 WHERE t.table_name = i.table_name AND i.index_name='BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I';

TABLE_NAME      INDEX_NAME               BLOCKS   NUM_ROWS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
--------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
BOWIE_ASSM      BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I            1000     300000            219416

This issue also applies when an index is newly created, any TABLE_CACHED_BLOCKS setting is ignored, until the time when statistics are again collected via DBMS_STATS:

SQL> drop index bowie_assm_id_i;

Index dropped.

SQL> create index bowie_assm_id_i on bowie_assm(id);

Index created.

SQL> SELECT t.table_name, i.index_name, t.blocks, t.num_rows, i.clustering_factor
2 FROM user_tables t, user_indexes i
3 WHERE t.table_name = i.table_name AND i.index_name='BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I';

TABLE_NAME      INDEX_NAME               BLOCKS   NUM_ROWS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
--------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
BOWIE_ASSM      BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I            1000     300000            219416

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats(ownname=>user, indname=>'BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I',estimate_percent=> null);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> SELECT t.table_name, i.index_name, t.blocks, t.num_rows, i.clustering_factor
2 FROM user_tables t, user_indexes i
3 WHERE t.table_name = i.table_name AND i.index_name='BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I';

TABLE_NAME      INDEX_NAME               BLOCKS   NUM_ROWS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
--------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
BOWIE_ASSM      BOWIE_ASSM_ID_I            1000     300000               909

This is currently being investigation by Oracle as unpublished bug 28292026.

Again, another example of the dangers of blindly rebuilding indexes without a valid justification…

“Let’s Talk Database” is Back !! Canberra/Sydney/Melbourne May 1, 2018

Posted by Richard Foote in 18c New Features, Data Clustering, Let's Talk Database, Oracle Indexes.
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seminar photo

Due to popular demand, I’ve been asked by Oracle to again run some “Let’s Talk Database” events this month. Dates and venues are as follows:

Wednesday, 23 May – Canberra (Cliftons Canberra, 10 Moore St): Registration Link.

Tuesday, 29 May – Melbourne (Oracle Melbourne Office, 417 St Kilda Road): Registration Link.

Wednesday, 30 May – Sydney (Oracle Sydney Office, North Ryde): Registration Link.

 

Agenda:

8:30 – 9:00am – Registration and coffee

9:00 – 10:30am – Data Clustering

10:30 – 11:00am – Break

11:00 – 12:30pm – Oracle Database 18c – New Features

12:30 – 1:30pm – Lunch, Networking and Informal Q&A

 

“Data Clustering: A Key To Developing High Performance & Scalable Apps”

Today’s agile applications have to deal with ever increasing data volumes; rich varieties of data types with their associated intricate/flexibility requirements; and complex hybrid cloud-based environments, where critical high volume transactional-based applications have to function in combination with equally important real-time advanced data analytics reporting solutions. As such, having an innovative data clustering strategy in combination with appropriate data-aware deployments is vital to ensure today’s complex applications are high-performing, scalable, and robust. Many of today’s applications struggle to perform or scale because they lack the necessary flexible indexing and data management strategies at the database layer. This session will demonstrate various innovative data clustering and indexing-based tricks and tactics that will ensure applications run as efficiently as possible, regardless of the size or complexity of the underlying data management layer.

“Oracle Database 18c New Features”

This session will look at some of the key new features and capabilities introduced in Oracle Database 18c. New features discussed include Memory Optimized Row Store for OLTP workloads, Database In-Memory for External Tables, Inline External Tables, In-Memory Database improvements, Zero Impact Grid Infrastructure Patching, Alter Partitioned Table Merge Online, Alter Table Modify Partitioned Table to Partitioned Table, Approximate Query improvements, Private Temporary Tables and Polymorphic Table Functions. The session will also discuss how to play with some of these new features now without the need for an Oracle Cloud account.”