Announcement: Dates Confirmed For Upcoming Webinars (“Here Today, Gone Tomorrow”) May 19, 2022
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, 21c New Features, Index Internals, Index Internals Seminar, Indexing Myth, Oracle, Oracle 21c, Oracle General, Oracle Index Seminar, Oracle Indexes, Oracle Indexing Internals Webinar, Oracle Performance Diagnostics and Tuning Webinar, Oracle19c, Performance Tuning, Performance Tuning Webinar, Richard Foote Seminars, Webinar.add a comment
As promised last week, I have now finalised the dates for my upcoming webinars.
They will be run as follows:
“Oracle Indexing Internals“ Webinar: 18-22 July 2022 (between 09:00 GMT and 13:00 GMT daily)
“Oracle Performance Diagnostics and Tuning“ Webinar: 8-11 August 2022 (between 09:00 GMT and 13:00 GMT daily)
I’ll detail costings and how to register for these events in the coming days.
There is already quite a waiting list for both of these webinars and so I anticipate available places will likely go quickly. Sorry to all those who have been waiting for so long and thank you for your patience. Please note for those on the waiting list, I already have places reserved for you.
It’s highly likely these will be the last time I’ll ever run these highly acclaimed training events (yes, I’m getting old)…
So don’t miss this unique opportunity to learn important skills in how to improve the performance and scalability of both your Oracle based applications and backend Oracle databases, in the comfort of your own home or office.
Read below a brief synopsis of each webinar:
“Oracle Indexing Internals“
Indexes are fundamental to every Oracle database and are crucial for optimal performance. However, there’s an incredible amount of misconception, misunderstanding and pure myth regarding how Oracle indexes function and should be maintained. Many applications and databases are suboptimal and run inefficiently primarily because an inappropriate indexing strategy has been implemented.
This seminar examines most available Oracle index structures/options and discusses in considerable detail how indexes function, how/when they should be used and how they should be maintained. A key component of the seminar is how indexes are costed and evaluated by the Cost Based Optimizer (CBO) and how appropriate data management practices are vital for an effective indexing strategy. It also covers many useful tips and strategies to maximise the benefits of indexes on application/database performance and scalability, as well as in maximising Oracle database investments. Much of the material is exclusive to this seminar and is not generally available in Oracle documentation or in Oracle University courses.
For full details, see: https://richardfooteconsulting.com/indexing-seminar/
“Oracle Performance Diagnostics and Tuning“
This is a must attend webinar aimed at Oracle professionals (both DBAs and Developers) who are interested in Performance Tuning. The webinar details how to maximise the performance of both Oracle databases and associated applications and how to diagnose and address any performance issues as quickly and effectively as possible.
When an application suddenly runs “slow” or when people start complaining about the “poor performance” of the database, there’s often some uncertainty in how to most quickly and most accurately determine the “root” cause of any such slowdown and effectively address any associated issues. In this seminar, we explore a Tuning Methodology that helps Oracle professionals to both quickly and reliably determine the actual causes of performance issues and so ensure the effectiveness of any applied resolutions.
Looking at a number of real world scenarios and numerous actual examples and test cases, this webinar will show participants how to confidently and reliably diagnose performance issues. The webinar explores in much detail the various diagnostics tools and reports available in Oracle to assist in determining any database performance issue and importantly WHEN and HOW to effectively use each approach. Additionally, participants are also invited to share their own database/SQL reports, where we can apply the principles learnt in diagnosing the performance of their actual databases/applications.
One of the more common reasons for poor Oracle performance is inefficient or poorly running SQL. This seminar explores in much detail how SQL is executed within the Oracle database, the various issues and related concepts important in understanding why SQL might be inefficient and the many capabilities and features Oracle has in helping to both resolve SQL performance issues and to maintain the stability and reliability of SQL execution.
It’s a fun, but intense, content rich webinar that is suitable for people of all experiences (from beginners to seasoned Oracle experts).
For full details, see: https://richardfooteconsulting.com/performance-tuning-seminar/
Keep an eye out in the coming days on costings and how to register for these events.
If you have any questions about these events, please contact me at richard@richardfooteconsulting.com
Automatic Indexes: Automatically Rebuild Unusable Indexes Part III (“Waiting For The Man”) May 17, 2022
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, Exadata, Full Table Scans, Manual Indexes, Mixing Auto and Manual Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Unusable Indexes.add a comment
I’ve previously discussed how Automatic Indexing (AI) will not only create missing indexes, but will also rebuild unusable indexes, be it a Global or Local index.
However, all my previous examples have been with Automatic Indexes. How does AI handle unusable indexes in which the indexes were manually created?
In my first demo, I’ll start by creating a basic non-partitioned table:
SQL> create table bowie_stuff (id number, album_id number, country_id number, release_date date, total_sales number); Table created. SQL> insert into bowie_stuff select rownum, mod(rownum,5000)+1, mod(rownum,100)+1, sysdate-mod(rownum,2800), ceil(dbms_random.value(1,500000)) FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=> null, tabname=> 'BOWIE_STUFF'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
We next manually create an index on the highly selective TOTAL_SALES column:
SQL> create index bowie_stuff_total_sales_i on bowie_stuff(total_sales); Index created.
Let’s now invalidate the index by re-organising the table without the online clause:
SQL> alter table bowie_stuff move; Table altered. SQL> select index_name, status from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE_STUFF'; INDEX_NAME STATUS ------------------------------ -------- BOWIE_STUFF_TOTAL_SALES_I UNUSABLE
So the index is now in an UNUSABLE state.
To perk up the interest of AI, I’ll run a number of queries such as the following with a predicate condition on TOTAL_SALES:
select * from bowie_stuff where total_sales=42;
18 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 910563088
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 20 | 520 | 7427 (2) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BOWIE_STUFF | 20 | 520 | 7427 (2) | 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
filter("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
42746 consistent gets
42741 physical reads
0 redo size
1392 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
52 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
18 rows processed
Without a valid index, the CBO has no choice but to perform an expensive full table scan.
However, it doesn’t matter how long I wait or how many different queries I run similar to the above, AI currently will never rebuild an unusable index if the index was manually created.
AI will only rebuild unusable automatically created indexes.
I’ve discussed previously how automatic and manually created indexes often don’t gel well together and is one of the key reasons why Oracle recommends dropping all manually created secondary indexes if you wish to implement AI (using the DBMS_AUTO_INDEX.DROP_SECONDARY_INDEXES procedure, which I’ll discuss in a future post).
Things can get a little interesting with AI, if the underlining table is partitioned and you have manually created unusable indexes.
As I’ll discuss in my next post…
Automatic Indexes: Automatically Rebuild Unusable Indexes Part II (“I Wish You Would”) May 11, 2022
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Full Table Scans, Local Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Partitioned Indexes, Partitioning, Performance Tuning, Rebuild Unusable Indexes.1 comment so far
Within a few hours of publishing my last blog piece on how Automatic Indexing (AI) can automatically rebuild indexes that have been placed in an UNUSABLE state, I was asked by a couple of readers a similar question: “Does this also work if just a single partition of an partitioned index becomes unusable”?
My answer to them both is that I’ve provided them the basic framework in the demo to check out the answer to that question for themselves (Note: a fantastic aspect of working with the Oracle Database is that it’s available for free to play around with, including the Autonomous Database environments).
But based on the principle that for every time someone asks a question, there’s probably a 100 others who potentially might be wondering the same thing, thought I’ll quickly whip up a demo to answer this for all.
I’ll begin with the same table format and data as my previous blog:
SQL> CREATE TABLE big_ziggy(id number, album_id number, country_id number, release_date date,
total_sales number) PARTITION BY RANGE (release_date)
(PARTITION ALBUMS_2015 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2016', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2016 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2017', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2017 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2018', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2018 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2019', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2019 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2020', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2020 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2021', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2021 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2022', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2022 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE));
Table created.
SQL> INSERT INTO big_ziggy SELECT rownum, mod(rownum,5000)+1, mod(rownum,100)+1, sysdate-mod(rownum,2800),
ceil(dbms_random.value(1,500000)) FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 10000000;
10000000 rows created.
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=> null, tabname=> 'BIG_ZIGGY');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
But this time, I’ll run a number of queries similar to the following, that also has a predicate based on the partitioned key (RELEASE_DATE) of the table:
SQL> select * FROM big_ziggy where release_date = '01-JUN-2017' and total_sales = 123456;
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3599046327
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time | Pstart | Pstop |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 26 | 1051 (2) | 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE SINGLE | | 1 | 26 | 1051 (2) | 00:00:01 | 3 | 3 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BIG_ZIGGY | 1 | 26 | 1051 (2) | 00:00:01 | 3 | 3 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - storage(("TOTAL_SALES"=123456 AND "RELEASE_DATE"=TO_DATE('2017-06-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')))
filter(("TOTAL_SALES"=123456 AND "RELEASE_DATE"=TO_DATE('2017-06-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')))
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5618 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
676 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
41 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
If we wait for the next AI task to kick in:
DBMS_AUTO_INDEX.REPORT_LAST_ACTIVITY() -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity start : 11-MAY-2022 10:55:43 Activity end : 11-MAY-2022 10:56:27 Executions completed : 1 Executions interrupted : 0 Executions with fatal error : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index candidates : 0 Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0) Space used (visible / invisible) : 192.94 MB (192.94 MB / 0 B) Indexes dropped : 0 SQL statements verified : 6 SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 3 (6670.1x) SQL plan baselines created : 0 Overall improvement factor : 2x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unused indexes : 0 Space used : 0 B Unusable indexes : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following indexes were created: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | BIG_ZIGGY | SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar | RELEASE_DATE,TOTAL_SALES | B-TREE | LOCAL | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We can see that AI has indeed automatically created a LOCAL, partitioned index (on columns RELEASE_DATE, TOTAL_SALES) in this scenario, as we have an equality predicate based on the partitioned key (RELEASE_DATE).
Currently, all is well with the index, with all partitions in a USABLE state:
SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioned, auto, visibility, status FROM user_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_ZIGGY';
INDEX_NAME PAR AUT VISIBILIT STATUS
------------------------------ --- --- --------- --------
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar YES YES VISIBLE N/A
SQL> select index_name, partition_name, status from user_ind_partitions where index_name='SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar';
INDEX_NAME PARTITION_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ -------------------- --------
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2015 USABLE
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2016 USABLE
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2017 USABLE
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2018 USABLE
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2019 USABLE
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2020 USABLE
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2021 USABLE
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2022 USABLE
SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns
where index_name='SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar';
INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION
------------------------------ --------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar RELEASE_DATE 1
SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar TOTAL_SALES 2
But if we now do an offline reorg of a specific table partition:
SQL> alter table big_ziggy move partition albums_2017; Table altered. SQL> select index_name, partition_name, status from user_ind_partitions where index_name='SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar'; INDEX_NAME PARTITION_NAME STATUS ------------------------------ -------------------- -------- SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2015 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2016 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2017 UNUSABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2018 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2019 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2020 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2021 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2022 USABLE
We can see we’ve now made the associated Local Index partition UNUSABLE.
If we run the following query:
SQL> select * FROM big_ziggy where release_date = '01-JUN-2017' and total_sales = 123456;
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3599046327
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time | Pstart | Pstop |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 26 | 986 (2) | 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE SINGLE | | 1 | 26 | 986 (2) | 00:00:01 | 3 | 3 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BIG_ZIGGY | 1 | 26 | 986 (2) | 00:00:01 | 3 | 3 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - storage(("TOTAL_SALES"=123456 AND "RELEASE_DATE"=TO_DATE('2017-06-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')))
filter(("TOTAL_SALES"=123456 AND "RELEASE_DATE"=TO_DATE('2017-06-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')))
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
3 recursive calls
4 db block gets
5578 consistent gets
5571 physical reads
924 redo size
676 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
41 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
The CBO has no choice here but to do a full partition table scan.
If now wait again for the next AI task to strut its stuff:
SQL> select dbms_auto_index.report_last_activity() from dual; DBMS_AUTO_INDEX.REPORT_LAST_ACTIVITY() -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity start : 11-MAY-2022 11:42:42 Activity end : 11-MAY-2022 11:43:13 Executions completed : 1 Executions interrupted : 0 Executions with fatal error : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index candidates : 0 Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0) Space used (visible / invisible) : 192.94 MB (192.94 MB / 0 B) Indexes dropped : 0 SQL statements verified : 4 SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 1 (5573x) SQL plan baselines created : 0 Overall improvement factor : 1.1x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unused indexes : 0 Space used : 0 B Unusable indexes : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following indexes were created: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | BIG_ZIGGY | SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar | RELEASE_DATE,TOTAL_SALES | B-TREE | LOCAL | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SQL> select index_name, partition_name, status from user_ind_partitions where index_name='SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar'; INDEX_NAME PARTITION_NAME STATUS ------------------------------ -------------------- -------- SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2015 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2016 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2017 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2018 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2019 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2020 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2021 USABLE SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2022 USABLE
The index partition is now automatically in a USABLE state again.
If we look at the index object data:
SQL> select object_name, subobject_name, to_char(created, 'dd-Mon-yy hh24:mi:ss') created, to_char(last_ddl_time, 'dd-Mon-yy hh24:mi:ss’) last_ddl_time from dba_objects where object_name='SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar'; OBJECT_NAME SUBOBJECT_NAME CREATED LAST_DDL_TIME ------------------------------ -------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2015 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 10:56:14 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2016 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 10:56:15 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2017 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 11:42:42 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2018 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 10:56:18 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2019 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 10:56:19 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2020 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 10:56:20 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2021 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 10:56:22 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar ALBUMS_2022 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 10:56:22 SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar 11-May-22 10:41:33 11-May-22 11:43:13
We can see that just the impacted index partition has been rebuilt.
The CBO can now successfully use the index to avoid the full partition table scan:
SQL> select * FROM big_ziggy where release_date = '01-JUN-2017' and total_sales = 123456;
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3640710173
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | Pstart | Pstop |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 26 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE SINGLE | | 1 | 26 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 | 3 | 3 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BIG_ZIGGY | 1 | 26 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 | 3 | 3 |
|* 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_6wv99zdbsy8ar | 1 | | 3 (0) | 00:00:01 | 3 | 3 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - access("RELEASE_DATE"=TO_DATE(' 2017-06-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') AND "TOTAL_SALES"=123456)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
676 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
41 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
I’ll leave it to the discernible reader to determine if this also works in the scenario where the partitioned index were to be global… 🙂
Automatic Indexes: Automatically Rebuild Unusable Indexes Part I (“Andy Warhol”) May 10, 2022
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Rebuild Unusable Indexes.2 comments
Obviously, the main feature of Automatic Indexing (AI) is for Oracle to automatically create indexes, that have been proven to improve performance, in a relatively safe and timely manner.
However, another nice and useful capability is for AI to automatically rebuild indexes that are placed in an “Unusable” state.
The documentation states that:
“Automatic indexing provides the following functionality:
Rebuilds the indexes that are marked unusable due to table partitioning maintenance operations, such as ALTER TABLE MOVE.”
Now, when AI was initially released, I was unable to get this rebuild capability to work as advertised. I don’t know whether this was because the capability had not yet been successfully implemented or because of some failings in my testing.
However, with both the current versions of Oracle Database 19c (19.15.0.1.0 as now implemented in Autonomous Databases) and Oracle Database 21c, the following demo now works successfully.
Let’s begin by creating a simple partitioned table:
SQL> CREATE TABLE big_bowie(id number, album_id number, country_id number, release_date date,
total_sales number) PARTITION BY RANGE (release_date)
(PARTITION ALBUMS_2015 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2016', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2016 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2017', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2017 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2018', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2018 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2019', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2019 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2020', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2020 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2021', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2021 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2022', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2022 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE));
Table created.
SQL> INSERT INTO big_bowie SELECT rownum, mod(rownum,5000)+1, mod(rownum,100)+1, sysdate-mod(rownum,2800),
ceil(dbms_random.value(1,500000)) FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 10000000;
10000000 rows created.
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=> null, tabname=> 'BIG_BOWIE');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
We next run a number of SQL statements such as the following:
SQL> SELECT * FROM big_bowie WHERE total_sales = 123456;
19 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1510748290
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time | Pstart| Pstop|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 20 | 520 | 7958 (2) | 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE ALL | | 20 | 520 | 7958 (2) | 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
| * 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BIG_BOWIE | 20 | 520 | 7958 (2) | 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - storage("TOTAL_SALES"=123456)
filter("TOTAL_SALES"=123456)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
49573 consistent gets
42778 physical reads
0 redo size
1423 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
52 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
19 rows processed
If we wait for the AI task to kick in, we notice is has successfully created an associated automatic index:
SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioned, auto, visibility, status FROM user_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE';
INDEX_NAME PAR AUT VISIBILIT STATUS
------------------------------ --- --- --------- --------
SYS_AI_17cd4101fvrk1 NO YES VISIBLE VALID
SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='BIG_BOWIE';
INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION
------------------------------ --------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_17cd4101fvrk1 TOTAL_SALES 1
As discussed previously, AI can now create a non-partitioned, Global index if deemed more efficient than a corresponding Local index.
Note that the newly created automatic index is currently VALID.
However, if we re-organise a partition within the table without using the Online clause:
SQL> alter table big_bowie move partition albums_2017; Table altered. SQL> select index_name, partitioned, auto, visibility, status from user_indexes where table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE'; INDEX_NAME PAR AUT VISIBILIT STATUS ------------------------------ --- --- --------- -------- SYS_AI_17cd4101fvrk1 NO YES VISIBLE UNUSABLE
The index as a result goes into an UNUSABLE state.
Running similar queries from this point will result in a FTS again:
SQL> select * from big_bowie where total_sales=42;
22 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1510748290
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time | Pstart| Pstop |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 20 | 520 | 7937 (2) | 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE ALL | | 20 | 520 | 7937 (2) | 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BIG_BOWIE | 20 | 520 | 7937 (2) | 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - storage("TOTAL_SALES"=123456)
filter("TOTAL_SALES"=123456)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
126 recursive calls
0 db block gets
48962 consistent gets
42799 physical reads
0 redo size
1497 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
52 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
17 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
22 rows processed
If we now wait until the next AI task period and check out the index:
SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioned, auto, visibility, status FROM user_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE'; INDEX_NAME PAR AUT VISIBILIT STATUS ------------------------------ --- --- --------- -------- SYS_AI_17cd4101fvrk1 NO YES VISIBLE VALID
We notice the index is now back in a VALID state again.
Checking out the date attributes of the index confirms the index has indeed been rebuilt:
SQL> select object_name, to_char(created, 'dd-Mon-yy hh24:mi:ss') created, to_char(last_ddl_time, 'dd-Mon-yyhh24:mi:ss’) last_ddl_time from dba_objects where object_name='SYS_AI_17cd4101fvrk1'; OBJECT_NAME CREATED LAST_DDL_TIME ------------------------------ --------------------------- --------------------------- SYS_AI_17cd4101fvrk1 18-Apr-22 11:59:36 18-Apr-22 18:37:42
Being in a VALID state again, the CBO can now use the automatic index:
SQL> select * from big_bowie where total_sales=42;
22 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 920768077
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time | Pstart| Pstop |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 20 | 520 | 23 (0) | 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY GLOBAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BIG_BOWIE | 20 | 520 | 23 (0) | 00:00:01 | ROWID | ROWID |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_17cd4101fvrk1 | 20 | | 3 (0) | 00:00:01 | | |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
48711 consistent gets
42799 physical reads
0 redo size
1497 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
52 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
22 rows processed
Note: This scenario works the same if the table is Non-Partitioned.
In my next post, I’ll discuss a scenario where the automatic rebuild of an Unusable index will currently NOT work…
Automatic Indexes: Scenarios Where Automatic Indexes NOT Created Part III (“Loaded”) April 28, 2022
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, Advanced Index Compression, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Clustering Factor, Data Clustering, Exadata, Index Access Path, Index Column Order, Index Compression, Oracle, Oracle 21c, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Overloading.add a comment
In my previous two posts, I’ve discussed scenarios where Automatic Indexing (AI) does not currently created automatic indexes and you may need to manually create the necessary indexes.
In this post, I’ll discuss a third scenario where AI will create an index, but you may want to manually create an even better one…
I’ll start by creating a relatively “large” table, with 20+ columns:
SQL> create table bowie_overload (id number, code1 number, code2 number, stuff1 varchar2(42), stuff2 varchar2(42), stuff3 varchar2(42), stuff4 varchar2(42), stuff5 varchar2(42), stuff6 varchar2(42), stuff7 varchar2(42), stuff8 varchar2(42), stuff9 varchar2(42), stuff10 varchar2(42), stuff11 varchar2(42), stuff12 varchar2(42), stuff13 varchar2(42), stuff14 varchar2(42), stuff15 varchar2(42), stuff16 varchar2(42), stuff17 varchar2(42), stuff18 varchar2(42), stuff19 varchar2(42), stuff20 varchar2(42), name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into bowie_overload select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000)+1, '42', 'David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke', 'David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke','David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke','David Bowie', 'Major Tom', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Aladdin Sane', 'Thin White Duke', 'The Spiders From Mars' from dual connect by level <= 10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE_OVERLOAD'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
The main columns to note here are CODE1 which contains 1000 distinct values (and so is kinda selective on a 10M row table, but not spectacularly so, especially with a poor clustering factor) and CODE2 which always contains the same value of “42” (and so will compress wonderfully for maximum effect).
I’ll next run the following query a number of times:
SQL> select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42;
10000 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1883860831
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10000 | 70000 | 74817 (1) | 00:00:03 |
| * 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | 10000 | 70000 | 74817 (1) | 00:00:03 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("CODE1"=24)
filter("CODE1"=24)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
869893 consistent gets
434670 physical reads
0 redo size
183890 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
7378 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
668 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
10000 rows processed
Without an index, the CBO currently has no choice but to perform a FTS. An index on the CODE1 column would provide the necessary filtering to fetch and return the required rows.
BUT, if this query was important enough, we could improve things further by “Overloading” this index with the CODE2 column, so we could use the index exclusively to get all the necessary data, without having to access the table at all. Considering an index on just the CODE1 column would need to fetch a reasonable number of rows (10000) and would need to visit a substantial number of different table blocks due to its poor clustering, overloading the index in this scenario would substantially reduce the necessary workloads of this query.
So what does AI do in this scenario, is overloading an index considered?
If we look at the AI report:
GENERAL INFORMATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activity start : 28-APR-2022 12:15:45
Activity end : 28-APR-2022 12:16:33
Executions completed : 1
Executions interrupted : 0
Executions with fatal error : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index candidates : 1
Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0)
Space used (visible / invisible) : 134.22 MB (134.22 MB / 0 B)
Indexes dropped : 0
SQL statements verified : 2
SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 2 (47.1x)
SQL plan baselines created : 0
Overall improvement factor : 47.1x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused indexes : 0
Space used : 0 B
Unusable indexes : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h | CODE1 | B-TREE | NONE |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : bh5cuyv8ga0bt
SQL Text : select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42
Improvement Factor : 46.9x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 42619069 241844
CPU Time (s): 25387841 217676
Buffer Gets: 12148771 18499
Optimizer Cost: 74817 10021
Disk Reads: 6085380 9957
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 140000 10000
Executions: 14 1
PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 1883860831
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 74817 | |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | 10000 | 70000 | 74817 | 00:00:03 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 2541132923
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 9281 | 64967 | 10021 | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | 9281 | 64967 | 10021 | 00:00:01 |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h | 10000 | | 18 | 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 2 - access("CODE1"=42)
Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )
We see that an automatic index on just the CODE1 column was created.
SQL> select index_name, auto, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD'; INDEX_NAME AUT VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h YES VISIBLE ADVANCED LOW VALID 10000000 15363 10000000 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD' order by index_name, column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ------------------------- --------------- --------------- SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h CODE1 1
If we now re-run the query (noting in Oracle21c after you invalidate the current cursor):
SQL> select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42;
10000 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2541132923
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10000 | 70000 | 10021 (1)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BOWIE_OVERLOAD | 10000 | 70000 | 10021 (1)| 00:00:01 |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h | 10000 | | 18 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("CODE1"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
10021 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
50890 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
63 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
3 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
10000 rows processed
The query now uses the newly created automatic index.
BUT, at 10021 consistent gets, it’s still doing a substantial amount to work here.
If we manually create another index that overloads the only other column (CODE2) required in this query:
SQL> create index bowie_overload_code1_code2_i on bowie_overload(code1,code2) compress advanced low; Index created.
I’m using COMPRESS ADVANCED LOW as used by the automatic index, noting that CODE2 only contains the value “42” for all rows, making it particularly perfect for compression and a “best case” scenario when it comes to the minimal overheads potentially associated with overloading this index (I’m trying yo give AI every chance here):
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD'; INDEX_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------------ --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h YES NO VISIBLE ADVANCED LOW VALID 10000000 15363 10000000 BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I NO NO VISIBLE ADVANCED LOW VALID 10000000 15363 10000000 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='BOWIE_OVERLOAD' order by index_name, column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ------------------------------ --------------- --------------- BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I CODE1 1 BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I CODE2 2 SYS_AI_aat8t6ad0ux0h CODE1 1
In fact, my manually created index is effectively the same size as the automatic index, with the same number (15363) of leaf blocks.
So I’m giving AI the best possible scenario in which it could potentially create an overloaded index.
But I’ve never been able to get AI to create overloaded indexes. Only columns in filtering predicates are considered for inclusion in automatic indexes.
If I now re-run my query again:
SQL> select code1, code2 from bowie_overload where code1=42;
10000 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1161047960
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10000 | 70000 | 18 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| * 1 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | BOWIE_OVERLOAD_CODE1_CODE2_I | 10000 | 70000 | 18 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - access("CODE1"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
21 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
50890 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
63 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
3 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
10000 rows processed
We notice the CBO now uses the manually created index without any table access path, as it can just use the index to access the necessary data.
The number of consistent gets as a result has reduced significantly, down to just 21, a fraction of the previous 10021 when the automatic index was used.
So the scenario an of overloaded index that could significantly reduce database resources, which is currently not supported by AI, is another example of where may want to manually create a necessary index.
As always, this may change in the future releases…
Automatic Indexes: Scenarios Where Automatic Indexes NOT Created Part II (“Ragazzo Solo, Ragazza Sola” April 27, 2022
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 21c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Constraints, Exadata, Foreign Keys, Full Table Scans, Index Internals, Oracle, Oracle 21c, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Performance Tuning.1 comment so far
In my last post, I discussed how Automatic Indexing doesn’t create an automatic index in the scenario where the minimum or maximum of a column is required.
Another scenario when an automatic index is not created is when we hit issues associated with a missing index on a Foreign Key (FK) constraint.
As I’ve discussed many times previously, if you delete a parent record without an index on the dependant FK constraints, you hit a number of issues including having to perform a (potentially expensive and problematic) Full Table Scan (FTS) on the child tables and the associated locking problems.
To illustrate, I’ll first create a small parent table:
SQL> create table daddy (id number constraint daddy_pk primary key , name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into daddy select rownum, 'David Bowie '|| rownum from dual connect by level <= 10000; 10000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'DADDY'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
And then a somewhat larger child table, with no index on the associated foreign key constraint:
SQL> create table kiddy (id number constraint kiddy_pk primary key , code1 number constraint daddy_fk references daddy(id), code2 number, code3 number, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into kiddy select rownum, mod(rownum,1000)+1000 , mod(rownum, 10000)+1, mod(rownum, 100000)+1, 'Ziggy Stardust '|| rownum from dual connect by level <= 10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'KIDDY'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
If we delete a number of parent rows, for example:
SQL> delete from daddy where id = 101;
1 row deleted.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1477800718
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | DELETE STATEMENT | | 1 | 4 | 1 (0) | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | DELETE | DADDY | | | | |
|* 2 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | DADDY_PK | 1 | 4 | 1 (0) | 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("ID"=101)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
18 recursive calls
13 db block gets
117462 consistent gets
22292 physical reads
4645500 redo size
204 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
41 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
We notice that even though we only delete one row from a relatively small table, we perform a large number of consistent gets (117462) due to the necessary FTS on the child table, as Oracle is forced to check the table for any possible FK violations. Without an index on the child CODE1 column, Oracle has no choice but to perform the relatively expensive FTS.
Additionally, if we have an existing transaction of a child table (in Session 1):
SQL> insert into kiddy values (10000001,1042,1042,1042,'Iggy Pop'); 1 row created.
And then in another session attempt to delete a parent row (in Session 2):
SQL> delete from daddy where id = 112;
The delete hangs in a locked state due to the child transaction in Session 1. This can lead to further locking issues in other sessions (Session 3):
insert into kiddy values (10000002,1042,1042,1042,'Iggy Pop');
The FTS on the child table and these associated locks can all be avoided by having an index on the FK constraint, as the index can then be used to effectively police the constraint during such delete operations.
What does AI do in this scenario?
Currently, nothing.
I’ve been unable to ever get AI to create a usable automatic index in this scenario. In Oracle Database 19c, I’ve not been able to get an AI created at all. In Oracle Database 21c, the best I’ve seen has been a Unusable/Invisible AI:
SQL> select index_name, index_type, auto, constraint_index, visibility, status, num_rows from user_indexes where table_n ame='KIDDY'; INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE AUT CON VISIBILIT STATUS NUM_ROWS ------------------------------ --------------------------- --- --- --------- -------- ---------- KIDDY_PK NORMAL NO YES VISIBLE VALID 10000004 SYS_AI_31thttf8v6r35 NORMAL YES NO INVISIBLE UNUSABLE 10000004 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='KIDDY'; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ------------------------------ --------------- --------------- KIDDY_PK ID 1 SYS_AI_31thttf8v6r35 CODE1 1
So you may need to manually create such an index on the FK constraint to improve performance and eliminate these locking issues:
SQL> create index kiddy_code1_i on kiddy(code1);
Index created.
SQL> delete from daddy where id = 142;
1 row deleted.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1477800718
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | DELETE STATEMENT | | 1 | 4 | 1 (0) | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | DELETE | DADDY | | | | |
|* 2 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | DADDY_PK | 1 | 4 | 1 (0) | 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("ID"=142)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
8 db block gets
2 consistent gets
2 physical reads
132 redo size
204 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
41 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
Consistent gets have dropped off massively (down to just 8) as Oracle can now use the index to avoid the FTS search on the child table. The associated locking issues are eliminated as well.
Note: As always, this AI behaviour can always change in the future…
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Invisible/Valid Automatic Indexes (Bowie Rare) August 31, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Attribute Clustering, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Clustering Factor, Exadata, Index Access Path, Index statistics, Invisible Indexes, Invisible/Valid Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle Indexes, Oracle Statistics, Oracle19c, Unusable Indexes.1 comment so far
In my previous post, I discussed how newly created Automatic Indexes can have one of three statuses, depending the selectivity and effectiveness of the associated Automatic Index.
Indexes that improve performance sufficiently are created as Visible/Valid indexes and can be subsequently considered by the CBO. Indexes that are woeful and have no chance of improving performance are created as Invisible/Unusable indexes. Indexes considered potentially suitable but ultimately don’t sufficiently improve performance, are created as Invisible/Valid indexes.
Automatic Indexes are created as Visible/Valid indexes when shown to improve performance (by the _AUTO_INDEX_IMPROVEMENT_THRESHOLD parameter). But as I rarely came across Invisible/Valid Automatic Indexes (except for when Automatic Indexing is set to “Report Only” mode), I was curious to determine approximately at what point were such indexes created by the Automatic Indexing process.
To investigate things, I created a table with columns that contain data with various levels of selectivity, some of which should fall inside and outside the range of viability of any associated index, based on the cost of the associated Full Table Scan.
The following table has 32 columns of interest, each with a slight variation of distinct values giving small differences in overall column selectivity:
SQL> create table bowie_stuff1 (id number, code1 number, code2 number, code3 number, code4 number, code5 number, code6 number, code7 number, code8 number, code9 number, code10 number, code11 number, code12 number, code13 number, code14 number, code15 number, code16 number, code17 number, code18 number, code19 number, code20 number, code21 number, code22 number, code23 number, code24 number, code25 number, code26 number, code27 number, code28 number, code29 number, code30 number, code31 number, code32 number, name varchar2(42));
Table created.
SQL> insert into bowie_stuff1
select rownum,
mod(rownum, 900)+1,
mod(rownum, 1000)+1,
mod(rownum, 1100)+1,
mod(rownum, 1200)+1,
mod(rownum, 1300)+1,
mod(rownum, 1400)+1,
mod(rownum, 1500)+1,
mod(rownum, 1600)+1,
mod(rownum, 1700)+1,
mod(rownum, 1800)+1,
mod(rownum, 1900)+1,
mod(rownum, 2000)+1,
mod(rownum, 2100)+1,
mod(rownum, 2200)+1,
mod(rownum, 2300)+1,
mod(rownum, 2400)+1,
mod(rownum, 2500)+1,
mod(rownum, 2600)+1,
mod(rownum, 2700)+1,
mod(rownum, 2800)+1,
mod(rownum, 2900)+1,
mod(rownum, 3000)+1,
mod(rownum, 3100)+1,
mod(rownum, 3200)+1,
mod(rownum, 3300)+1,
mod(rownum, 3400)+1,
mod(rownum, 3500)+1,
mod(rownum, 3600)+1,
mod(rownum, 3700)+1,
mod(rownum, 3800)+1,
mod(rownum, 3900)+1,
mod(rownum, 4000)+1,
'THE RISE AND FALL OF ZIGGY STARDUST'
from dual connect by level >=10000000;
10000000 rows created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
As always, it’s important that statistics be collected for Automatic Indexing to function properly:
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'BOWIE_STUFF1', estimate_percent=>null); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
So on a 10M row table, I have 32 columns with the number of distinct values varying by only 100 values per column (or by a selectivity of just 0.001%):
SQL> select column_name, num_distinct, density, histogram from dba_tab_columns where table_name='BOWIE_STUFF1' order by num_distinct; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT DENSITY HISTOGRAM ------------ ------------ ---------- --------------- NAME 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY CODE1 900 .001111 HYBRID CODE2 1000 .001 HYBRID CODE3 1100 .000909 HYBRID CODE4 1200 .000833 HYBRID CODE5 1300 .000769 HYBRID CODE6 1400 .000714 HYBRID CODE7 1500 .000667 HYBRID CODE8 1600 .000625 HYBRID CODE9 1700 .000588 HYBRID CODE10 1800 .000556 HYBRID CODE11 1900 .000526 HYBRID CODE12 2000 .0005 HYBRID CODE13 2100 .000476 HYBRID CODE14 2200 .000455 HYBRID CODE15 2300 .000435 HYBRID CODE16 2400 .000417 HYBRID CODE17 2500 .0004 HYBRID CODE18 2600 .000385 HYBRID CODE19 2700 .00037 HYBRID CODE20 2800 .000357 HYBRID CODE21 2900 .000345 HYBRID CODE22 3000 .000333 HYBRID CODE23 3100 .000323 HYBRID CODE24 3200 .000312 HYBRID CODE25 3300 .000303 HYBRID CODE26 3400 .000294 HYBRID CODE27 3500 .000286 HYBRID CODE28 3600 .000278 HYBRID CODE29 3700 .00027 HYBRID CODE30 3800 .000263 HYBRID CODE31 3900 .000256 HYBRID CODE32 4000 .00025 HYBRID ID 10000000 0 HYBRID
I’ll next run the below queries (based on a simple equality predicate on each column) several times each in batches of 8 queries, so as to not swamp the Automatic Indexing process with potential new index requests (the ramifications of which I’ll discuss in another future post):
SQL> select * from bowie_stuff1 where code1=42; SQL> select * from bowie_stuff1 where code2=42; SQL> select * from bowie_stuff1 where code3=42; SQL> select * from bowie_stuff1 where code4=42; SQL> select * from bowie_stuff1 where code5=42; ... SQL> select * from bowie_stuff1 where code31=42; SQL> select * from bowie_stuff1 where code32=42;
If we now look at the statuses of the Automatic Indexes subsequently created:
SQL> select i.index_name, c.column_name, i.auto, i.constraint_index, i.visibility, i.status, i.num_rows, i.leaf_blocks, i.clustering_factor from user_indexes i, user_ind_columns c where i.index_name=c.index_name and i.table_name='BOWIE_STUFF1' order by visibility, status; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ---------------------- ------------ --- --- --------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_5rw9j3d8pc422 CODE5 YES NO INVISIBLE UNUSABLE 10000000 21702 4272987 SYS_AI_48q3j752csn1p CODE4 YES NO INVISIBLE UNUSABLE 10000000 21702 4272987 SYS_AI_9sgharttf3yr7 CODE3 YES NO INVISIBLE UNUSABLE 10000000 21702 4272987 SYS_AI_8n92acdfbuh65 CODE2 YES NO INVISIBLE UNUSABLE 10000000 21702 4272987 SYS_AI_brgtfgngu3cj9 CODE1 YES NO INVISIBLE UNUSABLE 10000000 21702 4272987 SYS_AI_1tu5u4012mkzu CODE11 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15364 10000000 SYS_AI_34b6zwgtm86rr CODE12 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15365 10000000 SYS_AI_gd0ccvdwwb4mk CODE13 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15365 10000000 SYS_AI_7k7wh28n3nczy CODE14 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15365 10000000 SYS_AI_67k2zjp09w101 CODE15 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15365 10000000 SYS_AI_5fa6k6fm0k6wg CODE10 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15364 10000000 SYS_AI_4624ju6bxsv57 CODE9 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15364 10000000 SYS_AI_bstrdkkxqtj4f CODE8 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15364 10000000 SYS_AI_39xqjjar239zq CODE7 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15364 10000000 SYS_AI_6h0adp60faytk CODE6 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15364 10000000 SYS_AI_5u0bqdgcx52vh CODE16 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15365 10000000 SYS_AI_0hzmhsraqkcgr CODE22 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15366 10000000 SYS_AI_4x716k4mdn040 CODE21 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15366 10000000 SYS_AI_6wsuwr7p6drsu CODE20 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15366 10000000 SYS_AI_b424tdjx82rwy CODE19 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15366 10000000 SYS_AI_3a2y07fqkzv8x CODE18 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15365 10000000 SYS_AI_8dp0b3z0vxzyg CODE17 YES NO INVISIBLE VALID 10000000 15365 10000000 SYS_AI_d95hnqayd7t08 CODE23 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15366 10000000 SYS_AI_fry4zrxqtpyzg CODE24 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15366 10000000 SYS_AI_920asb69q1r0m CODE25 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15367 10000000 SYS_AI_026pa8880hnm2 CODE31 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15367 10000000 SYS_AI_96xhzrguz2qpy CODE32 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15368 10000000 SYS_AI_3dq93cc7uxruu CODE29 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15367 10000000 SYS_AI_5nbz41xny8fvc CODE28 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15367 10000000 SYS_AI_fz4q9bhydu2qt CODE27 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15367 10000000 SYS_AI_0kwczzg3k3pfw CODE26 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15367 10000000 SYS_AI_4qd5tsab7fnwx CODE30 YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 15367 10000000
We can see we indeed have the 3 statuses of Automatic Indexes captured:
Columns with a selectivity equal or worse to that of COL5 with 1300 distinct values are created as Invisible/Unusable indexes. Returning 10M/1300 rows or a cardinality of approx. 7,693 or more rows is just too expensive for such indexes on this table to be viable. This represents a selectivity of approx. 0.077%.
Note how the index statistics for these Invisible/Unusable indexes are not accurate. They all have an estimated LEAF_BLOCKS of 21702 and a CLUSTERING_FACTOR of 4272987. However, we can see from the other indexes which are physically created that these are not correct and are substantially off the mark with the actual LEAF_BLOCKS being around 15364 and the CLUSTERING_FACTOR actually much worse at around 10000000.
Again worthy of a future post to discuss how Automatic Indexing processing has to make (potentially inaccurate) guesstimates for these statistics in its analysis of index viability when such indexes don’t yet physically exist.
Columns with a selectivity equal or better to that of COL23 which has 3100 distinct values are created as Visible/Valid indexes. Returning 10M/3100 rows or a cardinality of approx. 3226 or less rows is cheap enough for such indexes on this table to be viable. This represents a selectivity of approx. 0.032%.
So in this specific example, only those columns between 1400 and 3000 distinct values meet the “borderline” criteria in which the Automatic Indexing process creates Invisible/Valid indexes. This represents a very very narrow selectivity range of only approx. 0.045% in which such Invisible/Valid indexes are created. Or for this specific example, only those columns that return approx. between 3,333 and 7,143 rows from the 10M row table.
Now the actual numbers and total range of selectivities for which Invisible/Valid Automatic Indexes are created of course depends on all sorts of factors, such as the size/cost of FTS of the table and not least the clustering of the associated data (which I’ve blogged about ad nauseam).
The point I want to make is that the range of viability for such Invisible/Valid indexes is relatively narrow and the occurrences of such indexes relatively rare in your databases. As such, the vast majority of Automatic Indexes are likely to be either Visible/Valid or Invisible/Unusable indexes.
It’s important to recognised this when you encounter such Invisible/Valid Automatic Indexes (outside of “REPORT ONLY” implementations), as it’s an indication that such an index is a borderline case that is currently NOT considered by the CBO (because of it being Invisible).
However, this Invisible/Valid Automatic Index status should really change to either of the other two more common statuses in the near future.
I’ll expand on this point in a future post…
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Function-Based Indexes? Part II (If You Can See Me) February 5, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Function Based Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Virtual Columns.1 comment so far
In my previous post, I discussed how Automatic Indexing does not currently support creating an index based on a function or expression predicate, even if it’s an equality predicate. You must manually create the associated function-based index.
However, if you have access to the application, there’s a better strategy when frequently searching on a function-based predicate. That’s to create a Virtual Column and use this column in your searching criteria (as mentioned by Connor McDonald in this comment).
To illustrate, I’m going to drop the previously manually created function-based index and hence the associated hidden virtual column, as Oracle quite rightly doesn’t allow you to have two virtual columns based on the same expression in the same table.
SQL> drop index david_upper_name_i; Index dropped.
Since Oracle 11g, Oracle has supported the use of Visible Virtual Columns, a column that doesn’t physically exist, but defines a function/expression that can be easily accessed and populated when queried.
I’ll next create a Virtual Column called UPPER_NAME that is defined not based on a Data Type, but on the result on the UPPER function on the previously defined NAME column:
SQL> alter table david add (upper_name as (upper(name))); Table altered.
Regardless of size of table, this column is added virtually instantly (pun fully intended), as no data is physically stored in the table itself. I view it (yep, another pun) as a “mini-view”, that can be used to hide complexity from the developer, with the actual data derived at run-time when the column is accessed in an SQL.
After I generate fresh statistics:
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'DAVID', estimate_percent=>null); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> select column_name, hidden_column, virtual_column, num_distinct, density, histogram from dba_tab_cols where table_name='DAVID'; COLUMN_NAME HID VIR NUM_DISTINCT DENSITY HISTOGRAM -------------------- --- --- ------------ ---------- --------------- NAME NO NO 10000000 0 HYBRID MORE_STUFF9 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF8 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF7 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF6 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF5 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF4 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF3 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF2 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF10 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF1 NO NO 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY ID NO NO 10000000 0 HYBRID CODE NO NO 10000 .0001 HYBRID UPPER_NAME NO YES 10000000 0 HYBRID
Note how the UPPER_NAME virtual column is NOT hidden and now has up to date statistics.
We can now run this simplified query based on the new UPPER_NAME column, which does not need to include the potentially complex function expression:
SQL> select * from david where upper_name='DAVID BOWIE 42';
1 row selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2426813604
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 200 | 3349 (6) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | DAVID | 1 | 200 | 3349 (6) | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("UPPER_NAME"='DAVID BOWIE 42')
filter("UPPER_NAME"='DAVID BOWIE 42')
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
263469 consistent gets
263452 physical reads
0 redo size
1328 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
375 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
If we look at portions of the subsequent Automatic Indexing report:
SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index candidates : 1
Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0)
Space used (visible / invisible) : 360.71 MB (360.71 MB / 0 B)
Indexes dropped : 0
SQL statements verified : 2
SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 2 (263476.8x)
SQL plan baselines created : 0
Overall improvement factor : 263476.8x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused indexes : 0
Space used : 0 B
Unusable indexes : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | DAVID | SYS_AI_4k4mkgkw049ht | UPPER_NAME | B-TREE | NONE |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : 7tfqh3pu526mt
SQL Text : select * from david where upper_name='DAVID BOWIE 42'
Improvement Factor : 263484.7x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 1471249 1414
CPU Time (s): 300584 986
Buffer Gets: 3161816 4
Optimizer Cost: 3349 4
Disk Reads: 3161432 3
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 12 1
Executions: 12 1
PLANS SECTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 2426813604
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 3349 | |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | DAVID | 1 | 200 | 3349 | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes
-----
- dop = 1
- px_in_memory_imc = no
- px_in_memory = no
- cardinality_feedback = yes
- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 1447691372
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 200 | 4 | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | DAVID | 1 | 200 | 4 | 00:00:01 |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_4k4mkgkw049ht | 1 | | 3 | 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 2 - access("UPPER_NAME"='DAVID BOWIE 42')
Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )
We see from the report that Automatic Indexing has now created the associated, implicitly created function-based index (SYS_AI_4k4mkgkw049ht) based on the virtual UPPER_NAME column:
SQL> select index_name, index_type, auto, constraint_index, visibility, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='DAVID'; INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE AUT CON VISIBILIT STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR -------------------- --------------------------- --- --- --------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_4k4mkgkw049ht FUNCTION-BASED NORMAL YES NO VISIBLE VALID 10000000 43104 2136839 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='DAVID' order by index_name, column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION -------------------- -------------------- --------------- SYS_AI_4k4mkgkw049ht UPPER_NAME 1
If we now re-run the SQL query:
SQL> select * from david where upper_name='DAVID BOWIE 4242';
1 row selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1447691372
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 200 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | DAVID | 1 | 200 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_4k4mkgkw049ht | 1 | | 3 (0) | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("UPPER_NAME"='DAVID BOWIE 4242')
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
1334 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
377 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
The CBO now uses the new Automatic Index to significantly improve the performance of the query.
So not only is using a user defined Virtual Column a cleaner solution with respect to the frequent use of a function-based expressions, but has the added advantage of being supported with Automatic Indexing.
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Function-Based Indexes? (No Plan) February 4, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Function Based Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Virtual Columns.3 comments
I previously discussed how Automatic Indexing only currently supports Equality based predicates.
The question I have today is does Automatic Indexing support function-based indexes? Let’s take a look.
The below DAVID table has the key column NAME which is an effectively unique VARCHAR2 column:
SQL> create table david (id number, code number, name varchar2(42), more_stuff1 varchar2(42), more_stuff2 varchar2(42), more_stuff3 varchar2(42), more_stuff4 varchar2(42), more_stuff5 varchar2(42), more_stuff6 varchar2(42), more_stuff7 varchar2(42), more_stuff8 varchar2(42), more_stuff9 varchar2(42), more_stuff10 varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into david select rownum, mod(rownum, 10000)+1, 'David Bowie '|| rownum, 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust', 'Ziggy Stardust' from dual connect by level <=10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'DAVID', estimate_percent=>null); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
If we look at the current details of the table columns:
SQL> select column_name, num_distinct, density, histogram from dba_tab_cols where table_name='DAVID'; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT DENSITY HISTOGRAM -------------------- ------------ ---------- --------------- NAME 10000000 0 HYBRID MORE_STUFF9 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF8 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF7 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF6 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF5 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF4 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF3 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF2 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF10 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF1 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY ID 10000000 0 HYBRID CODE 10000 .0001 HYBRID
We notice the same oddity of my previous post that all columns have histograms…
Let’s run the following query with an UPPER function-based predicate that returns only the one row:
SQL> select * from david where upper(name) = 'DAVID BOWIE 4242';
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2426813604
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 100K | 17M | 3350 (6) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | DAVID | 100K | 17M | 3350 (6) | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage(UPPER("NAME")='DAVID BOWIE 4242')
filter(UPPER("NAME")='DAVID BOWIE 4242')
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
263469 consistent gets
263452 physical reads
0 redo size
1256 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
What does Automatic Indexing make of this scenario?
Basically, it does nothing. Currently, Automatic Indexing does NOT support such function-based indexes, even with equality based predicates (as of at least version 19.5.0.0.0). If we look at the next Automatic Indexing report:
SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index candidates : 0 Indexes created : 0 Space used : 0 B Indexes dropped : 0 SQL statements verified : 2 SQL statements improved : 0 SQL plan baselines created : 0 Overall improvement factor : 0x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unused indexes : 0 Space used : 0 B Unusable indexes : 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No such function-based index is ever created by Automatic Indexing:
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='DAVID'; no rows selected
To improve the performance of this query, one has to manually create the necessary function-based index:
SQL> create index david_upper_name_i on david(upper(name)); Index created.
If we now re-run the query:
SQL> select name from david where upper(name) = 'DAVID BOWIE 4242';
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2675555529
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 100K | 4199K | 3175 (1) | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | DAVID | 100K | 4199K | 3175 (1) | 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | DAVID_UPPER_NAME_I | 40000 | | 3 (0) | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access(UPPER("NAME")='DAVID BOWIE 4242')
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
369 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
384 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
The query now uses the function-based index to significantly improve the performance of this query, with just 5 consistent gets.
Note however as with all function-based indexes, by default the estimated cardinality estimate and associated CBO costs are way off (100K rows are estimated, not the 1 row that is actually returned). This is due to the CBO having no real idea of the number and distribution of values coming out of the “black box” function-based predicate.
This is why Oracle automatically creates an hidden virtual column by which to store the necessary statistics associated to the function (in this case the SYS_NC00014$ column):
SQL> select column_name, num_distinct, density, histogram from dba_tab_cols where table_name='DAVID'; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT DENSITY HISTOGRAM -------------------- ------------ ---------- --------------- NAME 10000000 0 HYBRID MORE_STUFF9 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF8 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF7 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF6 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF5 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF4 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF3 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF2 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF10 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF1 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY ID 10000000 0 HYBRID CODE 10000 .0001 HYBRID SYS_NC00014$ NONE
But we need to first collect statistics on this hidden virtual column for the statistics to be populated:
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'DAVID', no_invalidate=> false, method_opt=> 'FOR ALL HIDDEN COLUMNS SIZE 1'); SQL> select column_name, num_distinct, density, histogram from dba_tab_cols where table_name='DAVID'; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT DENSITY HISTOGRAM -------------------- ------------ ---------- --------------- NAME 10000000 0 HYBRID MORE_STUFF9 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF8 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF7 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF6 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF5 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF4 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF3 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF2 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF10 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY MORE_STUFF1 1 .00000005 FREQUENCY ID 10000000 0 HYBRID CODE 10000 .0001 HYBRID SYS_NC00014$ 9947366 0 HYBRID
Now the CBO has the necessary statistics by which to determine a much more accurate cardinality estimate for the function-based predicate and so potentially a more efficient execution plan:
SQL> select * from david where upper(name) = 'DAVID BOWIE 4242';
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2675555529
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 200 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | DAVID | 1 | 200 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | DAVID_UPPER_NAME_I | 1 | | 3 (0) | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access(UPPER("NAME")='DAVID BOWIE 4242')
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
1256 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
With the virtual column statistics in place, the CBO now has the cardinality estimate of 1 and associated costs spot on, which is always a good thing.
This requirement to collect the necessary statistics on the associated virtual column created as a result of the function-based index to ensure the index is costed and used effectively is perhaps but one reason why function-based indexes are currently not supported by Automatic Indexing.
As always, this can always change in the future…
Oracle Database 19c Automatic Indexing: Invisible Indexes Oddity (Wild Eyed Boy From Freecloud) February 3, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Automatic Table Statistics, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Clustering Factor, Exadata, Histograms, Invisible Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle Statistics, Oracle19c.2 comments
There have been a couple of “oddities” in relation to both Oracle Autonomous Databases and Automatic Indexing behaviour that I’ve seen frequently enough now (on Oracle 19.5.0.0.0) to make it worth a quick blog article.
The following is a simple test case that highlights both these issues. I’ll begin with a basic table, that has the key column CODE with a selectivity that would likely make it too expensive to be accessed via an associated index.
SQL> create table pink_floyd (id number, code number, create_date date, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into pink_floyd select rownum, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 5000)), sysdate-mod(rownum, 50000)+1, 'Dark Side of the Moon' from dual connect by level <=10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete.
Importantly, I’ll next collect statistics on this table using all the default attributes, including allowing Oracle to decide the merits of any column histogram:
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'PINK_FLOYD'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Note I’ve yet to run a single query against this table. And yet, if we look at the details of each of these columns:
SQL> select column_name, num_distinct, density, histogram from dba_tab_columns where table_name='PINK_FLOYD'; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT DENSITY HISTOGRAM -------------------- ------------ ---------- --------------- ID 9705425 0 HYBRID CODE 4835 .00005 HYBRID CREATE_DATE 50357 .00002 HYBRID NAME 1 4.9639E-08 FREQUENCY
All the columns have a histogram !! This despite the columns not meeting either criteria normally required for a histogram, that the column be used in a SQL predicate AND for the column to have an uneven distribution of values.
None of these columns have yet to be used in a filtering predicate and none of these columns have a uneven distribution of values, even the CODE column as highlighted by looking at the minimum and maximum number of occurrences:
SQL> select min(code_count), max(code_count) from (select count(*) code_count from pink_floyd group by code);
MIN(CODE_COUNT) MAX(CODE_COUNT)
--------------- ---------------
1845 2163
So it’s very odd for these histograms to be present.
If we run the following query with a filtering predicate based on the CODE column:
SQL> select * from pink_floyd where code=42;
2012 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1152280033
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2068 | 82720 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD | 2068 | 82720 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("CODE"=42)
filter("CODE"=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
63655 consistent gets
63645 physical reads
0 redo size
38575 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
360 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
2012 rows processed
The CBO currently has no choice but to use a FTS with no index currently present. But what will Automatic Indexing make of things? If we look at the next automatic indexing report:
SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index candidates : 2 Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (0 / 1) Space used (visible / invisible) : 134.22 MB (0 B / 134.22 MB) Indexes dropped : 0 SQL statements verified : 1 SQL statements improved : 0 SQL plan baselines created : 0 Overall improvement factor : 0x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unused indexes : 0 Space used : 0 B Unusable indexes : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following indexes were created: *: invisible ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | BOWIE | PINK_FLOYD | * SYS_AI_dp2t0j12zux49 | CODE | B-TREE | NONE | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We notice that Oracle has created an Automatic Index, but it’s an INVISIBLE index !!
If we look at the details of this Automatic Index:
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='PINK_FLOYD'; INDEX_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------- --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_dp2t0j12zux49 YES NO INVISIBLE ADVANCED LOW VALID 10000000 15369 9845256
The index is in an INVISIBLE/VALID state, not the usual INVISIBLE/UNUSABLE state for an index for which Automatic Indexing decides an index is not efficient enough to be implement.
This is NOT expected behaviour.
Usually INVISIBLE/VALID indexes are created when Automatic Indexing is in “REPORT ONLY” mode, although I have come across this scenario when statistics are stale or missing. But in this case, Automatic Indexing is in “IMPLEMENT” mode and the table has recently collected statistics, albeit with odd histograms present (hence why I think these issues to be related).
If we run the same query again:
SQL> select * from pink_floyd where code=42;
2012 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1152280033
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2068 | 82720 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD | 2068 | 82720 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("CODE"=42)
filter("CODE"=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
63655 consistent gets
63645 physical reads
0 redo size
38575 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
360 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
2012 rows processed
The CBO has again no option but to use the FTS as Invisible indexes can not be considered by the CBO. However, it’s important to note that such an index would not be used by the CBO anyways as it would be deemed too expensive to use than the current FTS.
If you’re relying on Automatic Indexing and have it in Implement mode, I would recommend checking for any indexes in this INVISIBLE/VALID state as they’re an indication that something has very likely gone wrong…
Oracle Database 19c Automatic Indexing: Index Compression Update (New Morning) January 27, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Advanced Index Compression, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, AUTO_INDEX_COMPRESSION, Exadata, Index Column Order, Index Compression, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c.add a comment
I was reminded in a recent comment by Rajeshwaran Jeyabal that I hadn’t updated my post on Automatic Indexing with Advanced Compression that’s in need of a couple of amendments.
Initially when Automatic Indexing was released, the ability to set Advanced Compression was NOT included in the official documentation, although the EXEC DBMS_AUTO_INDEX.CONFIGURE( ‘AUTO_INDEX_COMPRESSION‘ , ‘ON’); option was readily accessible. This has now been fixed and the associated doco on setting Advanced Compression for Automatic Indexes can be found here.
The other significant change is that Advanced Compression Low is now the default behaviour when Automatic Indexes are created in the Oracle ATP Autonomous Database Cloud environment. This makes sense in that if you have access to the Advanced Compression option, setting all indexes to Advanced Compression Low is the no-brainer setting as I’ve discussed previously. So several of my more recent posts show how Automatic Indexes have been created with Advanced Compression Low set.
What hasn’t changed however is how Automatic Indexing does NOT consider the efficiency of an index in relation to Index Compression when deciding how to order the columns within the index.
The default order of columns within an index (when other SQL predicates are not a consideration) is simply the order by which the columns appear within the table. Even though an index could be significantly smaller thanks to Index Compression if columns with more repeated values are ordered first within an index, this is not something Automatic Indexing currently considers.
The demo in my original piece still works exactly the same in the current 19c database versions of the ATP Autonomous Cloud environments. Manually created indexes can be significantly smaller if index columns are reordered or dropped entirely if they don’t provide filtering benefits.
When reading my blog, please do take note of the date of blog piece, especially in relation to Automatic Indexing. Things are only accurate as at time of publication and may change subsequently.
I thank Rajeshwaran for getting me to pull my finger out and update my blog accordingly…
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Non-Equality Predicates Part II (Let’s Spend The Night Together) January 21, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Full Table Scans, Non-Equality Predicates, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Performance Tuning.1 comment so far
In my previous post in this series, I discussed out Automatic Indexing currently does not consider Non-Equality predicates. Automatic Indexing will index columns based only on Equality predicates.
So how does Oracle handle the scenario when an SQL has a mixture of both Equality and Non-Equality predicates?
I’ll begin by creating two very similar tables, but with the second table having a more selective CODE column:
SQL> create table pink_floyd (id number, code number, create_date date, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into pink_floyd select rownum, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 5000)), sysdate-mod(rownum, 50000)+1, 'Dark Side of the Moon' from dual connect by level <=10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'PINK_FLOYD'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> create table pink_floyd1 (id number, code number, create_date date, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into pink_floyd1 select rownum, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 25000)), sysdate-mod(rownum, 50000)+1, 'Dark Side of the Moon' from dual connect by level <=10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'PINK_FLOYD1'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
So table PINK_FLOYD has 5,000 distinct CODE values, whereas table PINK_FLOYD1 has 25,000 distinct CODE values.
I’ll next run the following identical SQLs, which both use an Equality predicate on the CODE column and a Non-Equality predicate on the CREATE_DATE column. The CODE column provides some filtering (more so with the PINK_FLOYD1 table) but in combination with the CREATE_DATE column, results in the ultimate filtering with no rows returned:
SQL> select * from pink_floyd where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1152280033
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 40 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD | 1 | 40 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)
filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
63660 consistent gets
63649 physical reads
0 redo size
426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
380 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
SQL> select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 564520720
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 41 | 856 (11) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD1 | 1 | 41 | 856 (11) | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("CODE"=42 AND "CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00','syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
filter("CODE"=42 AND "CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00','syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
64424 consistent gets
64413 physical reads
0 redo size
426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
So how does Automatic Indexing handle this scenario. If we look at the subsequent Automatic Indexing report (highlights only):
INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
*: invisible
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | PINK_FLOYD1 | SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g | CODE | B-TREE | NONE |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : 7wag3gbk0b3tm
SQL Text : select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021'
Improvement Factor : 64442.3x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 568513 2771
CPU Time (s): 275534 1874
Buffer Gets: 1031078 406
Optimizer Cost: 856 405
Disk Reads: 1030609 3
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 0 0
Executions: 16 1
PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 564520720
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 856 | |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD1 | 1 | 41 | 856 | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes
-----
- dop = 1
- px_in_memory_imc = no
- px_in_memory = no
- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 2703636439
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 41 | 405 | 00:00:01 |
| * 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | PINK_FLOYD1 | 1 | 41 | 405 | 00:00:01 |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g | 403 | | 3 | 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 1 - filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
* 2 - access("CODE"=42)
Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )
If we look at the definitions of all indexes currently on these tables:
SQL> select index_name, auto, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='PINK_FLOYD'; INDEX_NAME AUT VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------------ --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_dp2t0j12zux49 YES INVISIBLE ADVANCED LOW UNUSABLE 10000000 21702 4161898 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='PINK_FLOYD'; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ------------------------------ --------------- --------------- SYS_AI_dp2t0j12zux49 CODE 1 SQL> select index_name, auto, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='PINK_FLOYD1'; INDEX_NAME AUT VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------------ --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g YES VISIBLE ADVANCED LOW VALID 10000000 15400 9969473 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='PINK_FLOYD1'; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ------------------------------ --------------- --------------- SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g CODE 1
In both cases, Automatic Indexing only created an index on the CODE column, as it was the only column with an Equality predicate.
However, the Automatic Index on the table PINK_FLOYD remained in an INVISIBLE/UNUSABLE. That’s because an index on only the CODE column was not efficient enough to improve the performance of the SQL, due to the filtering not being sufficient enough and because of the relatively poor Clustering Factor.
The index on the table PINK_FLOYD1 was eventually created as a VISIBLE/VALID index, as its better filtering was sufficient to actually improve the performance of the SQL.
So if we re-run the first query:
SQL> select * from pink_floyd where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1152280033
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 40 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD | 1 | 40 | 844 (11) | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)
filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
63660 consistent gets
63649 physical reads
0 redo size
426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
380 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
It continues to use a Full Table Scan.
If we re-run the second query:
SQL> select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2703636439
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 41 | 415 (0) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | PINK_FLOYD1 | 1 | 41 | 415 (0) | 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g | 412 | | 3 (0) | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
2 - access("CODE"=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
406 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
If now uses the newly created Automatic Index, with an improved 406 Consistent Gets (down from the previous 64424 Consistent Gets with the FTS).
BUT if we were to manually create an index on BOTH CODE and CREATE_DATE columns:
SQL> create index pink_floyd1_code_create_date_i on pink_floyd1(code, create_date) compress advanced low;
Index created.
SQL> select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3366491378
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 41 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | PINK_FLOYD1 | 1 | 41 | 4 (0) | 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | PINK_FLOYD1_CODE_CREATE_DATE_I | 1 | | 3 (0) | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("CODE"=42 AND "CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') AND
"CREATE_DATE" IS NOT NULL)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
3 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
Performance improves significantly further, by reducing Consistent Gets down to just 3.
So if you have SQL statements with a mixture of both Equality and Non-Equality predicates, you may encounter these 2 scenarios:
A potentially efficient index that is not created at all as the filtering on just the Equality based predicates are not sufficient to create a viable index, or
A potentially suboptimal Automatic Index that doesn’t contain useful filtering columns because they’re used in Non-Equality predicates…
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Non-Equality Predicates Part I (Lucy Can’t Dance) January 14, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, Exadata, Full Table Scans, Non-Equality Predicates, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c.5 comments
I’ve been waiting a while before posting a series on the various limitations associated with Automatic Indexing, in order to see how the feature matures over time.
The following have all been re-tested post 1 January 2021 on the Autonomous ATP Database Cloud service, using Oracle Database version 19.5.0.0.0.
In the Oracle Documentation (including version 21c), the only limitations with regard Automatic Indexing listed are the following:
- Auto indexes are local B-tree indexes.
- Auto indexes can be created for partitioned as well as non-partitioned tables.
- Auto indexes cannot be created for temporary tables.
Well, as I discussed in the previous series on Automatic Indexing on Partitioned tables, we already saw how Oracle can actually also create Non-Partitioned (Global) indexes. So the limitation on Automatic Indexes being “local” indexes is not actually correct, even with 19c.
But are there other limitations that are not officially documented?
If you look at every example I’ve used previously with regard Automatic Indexing, they all feature Equality predicates. In the following examples, I’m going to run a series on Range Scan predicates that heavily filter and would benefit greatly from an index.
I first create a simple table with 10M rows:
SQL> create table ziggy1 (id number, code number, name varchar2(42)); Table created. SQL> insert into ziggy1 select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000000)+1, 'David Bowie' from dual connect by level <= 10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'ZIGGY1'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
I then run the following range scan queries several times that each return only a few rows:
SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id between 42 and 50;
9 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 8 | 184 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 | 8 | 184 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)
filter("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
39436 consistent gets
39425 physical reads
0 redo size
596 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
369 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
9 rows processed
SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id < 0;
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 23 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 | 1 | 23 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("ID"<0)
filter("ID"<0)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
39436 consistent gets
39425 physical reads
0 redo size
364 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
344 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id > 100000000000;
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 23 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 | 1 | 23 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("ID">100000000000)
filter("ID">100000000000)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
39436 consistent gets
39425 physical reads
0 redo size
364 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
355 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
If we look at the subsequent Automatic Indexing report:
SQL> select dbms_auto_index.report_last_activity() report from dual; REPORT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity start : 13-JAN-2021 11:55:37 Activity end : 13-JAN-2021 11:56:20 Executions completed : 1 Executions interrupted : 0 Executions with fatal error : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index candidates : 0 Indexes created : 0 Space used : 0 B Indexes dropped : 0 SQL statements verified : 3 SQL statements improved : 0 SQL plan baselines created : 0 Overall improvement factor : 0x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unused indexes : 0 Space used : 0 B Unusable indexes : 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We notice NO Automatic Indexes were created.
We can run these queries endlessly and Automatic Indexing will never create associated Automatic Indexes:
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility from user_indexes where table_name='ZIGGY1'; no rows selected
These queries are doomed to perform Full Table Scans unless indexes are manually created:
SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id between 42 and 50;
9 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 8 | 184 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 | 8 | 184 | 538 (14) | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - storage("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)
filter("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
39436 consistent gets
39425 physical reads
0 redo size
596 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
369 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
9 rows processed
Currently Automatic Indexes do not support Non-Equality predicates. Automatic Indexes are only created based on Equality-based predicates.
Obviously, Automatic Indexing is a fabulous feature and this might all change in the future. But with Non-Equality predicates so prevalent in SQL, it’s vital to note this current limitation when using and relying on Automatic Indexing…
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Indexing Partitioned Tables Part II (Neighbourhood Threat) January 13, 2021
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Local Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Partitioned Indexes, Partitioning.4 comments
In my first post on Automatic Indexing on Partitioned Tables, I discussed how Automatic Indexing (AI) can now create a Non-Partitioned index if deemed the most effective indexing structure (this wasn’t supported when AI was initially released). A Non-Partitioned index is indeed likely the most efficient indexing structure if the underlying table has many partitions and associated SQL equality predicates only reference non-partition key columns. A Non-Partitioned index ensure Oracle only needs to scan the single index structure and not all the partitions of a Local index.
But what if SQLs do reference the column by which the underlying table is partitioned?
The following SQL has an equality filtering predicate on the RELEASE_DATE column, the column by which the BIG_BOWIE1 table is partitioned:
SQL> SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 where release_date = to_date('2013-12-30 22:15:25', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
no rows selected
If we look at the subsequent AI report:
INDEX DETAILS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following indexes were created: *: invisible ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | BOWIE | BIG_BOWIE1 | SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s | RELEASE_DATE | B-TREE | LOCAL | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We notice that Automatic Indexing has in this instance created a Local Index.
If we look further down the AI report:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : 4mm3mbkk38pa8
SQL Text : SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 where release_date = to_date('2013-12-30 22:15:25', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')
Improvement Factor : 8339x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 146957 71
CPU Time (s): 146124 71
Buffer Gets: 16678 3
Optimizer Cost: 162 4
Disk Reads: 0 0
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 0 0
Executions: 2 1
PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 4031749531
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 162 | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE SINGLE | | 3602 | 93652 | 162 | 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BIG_BOWIE1 | 3602 | 93652 | 162 | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes
-----
- dop = 1
- px_in_memory_imc = no
- px_in_memory = no
- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 4049653350
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 3 | 78 | 4 | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE SINGLE | | 3 | 78 | 4 | 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BIG_BOWIE1 | 3 | 78 | 4 | 00:00:01 |
| * 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s | 1 | | 3 | 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 3 - access("RELEASE_DATE"=TO_DATE(' 2013-12-30 22:15:25', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )
We can see Automatic Indexing has created the index because it provides an average Improvement Factor of 8339x. As the necessary indexed column(s) matches the table partitioning key, it makes sense for the associated index be a Local index as Oracle is certain which specific index partition to visit based on the value of the equality predicate.
If we look at the details of this new AI:
SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor from user_indexes where table_name='BIG_BOWIE1'; INDEX_NAME AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION STATUS NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR ------------------------------ --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------------- SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s YES NO VISIBLE ADVANCED LOW N/A 20000000 30742 19941449 SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa YES NO VISIBLE ADVANCED LOW VALID 20000000 42697 19995451 SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='BIG_BOWIE1' order by index_name, column_position; INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COLUMN_POSITION ------------------------------ --------------- --------------- SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s RELEASE_DATE 1 SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa TOTAL_SALES 1 SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioning_type, partition_count, locality FROM user_part_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE1'; INDEX_NAME PARTITION PARTITION_COUNT LOCALI ------------------------------ --------- --------------- ------ SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s RANGE 8 LOCAL SQL> select index_name, partition_name, status, compression from user_ind_partitions where index_name in (select index_name from user_indexes where table_name='BIG_BOWIE1') order by partition_position; INDEX_NAME PARTITION_NAME STATUS COMPRESSION -------------------- -------------------- -------- ------------- SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2013 USABLE ADVANCED LOW SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2014 USABLE ADVANCED LOW SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2015 USABLE ADVANCED LOW SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2016 USABLE ADVANCED LOW SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2017 USABLE ADVANCED LOW SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2018 USABLE ADVANCED LOW SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2019 USABLE ADVANCED LOW SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2020 USABLE ADVANCED LOW
We can see that indeed, a Visible, Usable, Local index was created by Automatic Indexing.
So depending on the column(s) within the index, Automatic Indexing can potentially create either a Local or Non-Partitioned index when indexing a partitioned table.
Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Indexing Partitioned Tables Part I (Conversation Piece) October 14, 2020
Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Index Access Path, Local Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Partitioned Indexes, Partitioning, Performance Tuning.2 comments
In this little series, I’m going to discuss how Automatic Indexing works in relation to Partitioning.
I’ve discussed Indexing and Partitioning many times previously and how Oracle has various options when indexing a partitioned table:
- Non-Partitioned Index
- Globally Partitioned Index
- Locally Partitioned Index
So the question(s) are how does Automatic Indexing handle scenarios with partitioned objects?
A very important point to make at the start is that based on my research, the answer has already changed significantly since Automatic Indexing was first released. So it’s important to understand that Automatic Indexing is an ever evolving capability, that will advance and improve as time goes on.
I’ll focus on how the feature currently works (as of Oracle Database 19.5), but will mention previously identified behaviour as a reference on how things can easily change.
In my first simple little example, I’m just going to create a range-partitioned table, partitioned based on RELEASE_DATE, with a partition for each year’s worth of data:
SQL> CREATE TABLE big_bowie1(id number, album_id number, country_id number, release_date date,
total_sales number) PARTITION BY RANGE (release_date)
(PARTITION ALBUMS_2013 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2014', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2014 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2015', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2015 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2016', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2016 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2017', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2017 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2018', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2018 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2019', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2019 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2020', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION ALBUMS_2020 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE));
Table created.
I’ll now add about 8 years worth of data:
SQL> INSERT INTO big_bowie1 SELECT rownum, mod(rownum,5000)+1, mod(rownum,100)+1, sysdate-mod(rownum,2800), ceil(dbms_random.value(1,500000)) FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 10000000; 10000000 rows created. SQL> COMMIT; Commit complete.
As discussed previously, I’ll importantly collect statistics:
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=> null, tabname=> 'BIG_BOWIE1'); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
I’ll now run the following very selective query based the TOTAL_SALES column that is NOT part of the partitioning key:
SQL> SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 WHERE total_sales = 42;
19 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2468051548
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | Pstart| Pstop |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 20 | 520 | 643 (15)| 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE ALL | | 20 | 520 | 643 (15)| 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL| BIG_BOWIE1 | 20 | 520 | 643 (15)| 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - storage("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
filter("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
44014 consistent gets
9516 physical reads
0 redo size
1107 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
369 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
19 rows processed
Without an index in place, the CBO has no choice but to use a FTS. But what will Automatic Indexing make of things?
If we look at the next Automatic Indexing report:
SQL> select dbms_auto_index.report_last_activity() from dual;
GENERAL INFORMATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activity start : 13-OCT-2020 01:47:48
Activity end : 13-OCT-2020 02:59:48
Executions completed : 1
Executions interrupted : 0
Executions with fatal error : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index candidates : 1
Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0)
Space used (visible / invisible) : 184.55 MB (184.55 MB / 0 B)
Indexes dropped : 0
SQL statements verified : 2
SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 1 (44119.6x)
SQL plan baselines created : 0
Overall improvement factor : 25135.8x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused indexes : 0
Space used : 0 B
Unusable indexes : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
*: invisible
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | BIG_BOWIE1 | SYS_AI_2zt7rg40mxa4n | TOTAL_SALES | B-TREE | NONE |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : chwm2gubm8fx9
SQL Text : SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 WHERE total_sales = 42
Improvement Factor : 44119.6x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 4387193 1173
CPU Time (s): 2599423 1037
Buffer Gets: 749507 22
Optimizer Cost: 643 22
Disk Reads: 470976 2
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 323 19
Executions: 17 1
PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 2468051548
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 643 | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE ALL | | 20 | 520 | 643 | 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BIG_BOWIE1 | 20 | 520 | 643 | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes
-----
- dop = 1
- px_in_memory_imc = no
- px_in_memory = no
- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 937174207
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 19 | 494 | 22 | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY GLOBAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BIG_BOWIE1 | 19 | 494 | 22 | 00:00:01 |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_2zt7rg40mxa4n | 19 | | 3 | 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 2 - access("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )
We notice a couple of interesting points.
Firstly, yes Automatic Indexing has created an index based on the TOTAL_SALES column (SYS_AI_2zt7rg40mxa4n) as it improves performance by a reported 44119.6x.
Note also that the Automatic Index is a Non-Partitioned (Global) Index. From a performance perspective, this is the most efficient index to create to improve the performance of this query as the CBO only has the one index structure to navigate (vs. a LOCAL index that would require having to navigate down all 8 index structures for each table partition.
If we look at the index details:
SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioned, auto, visibility, status FROM user_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE1'; INDEX_NAME PAR AUT VISIBILIT STATUS ------------------------------ --- --- --------- -------- SYS_AI_2zt7rg40mxa4n NO YES VISIBLE VALID
We notice that this is indeed a Non-Partitioned Index, that is both VISIBLE and VALID and so can be potentially used by any database session.
If we now re-run the query:
SQL> SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 WHERE total_sales = 42;
19 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 937174207
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | Pstart| Pstop |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 20 | 520 | 23 (0)| 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY GLOBAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED| BIG_BOWIE1 | 20 | 520 | 23 (0)| 00:00:01 | ROWID | ROWID |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_2zt7rg40mxa4n | 20 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 | | |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
23 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
1166 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
369 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
19 rows processed
We can see the query now uses the newly created Automatic Index and is indeed more efficient, performing now just 23 consistent gets (previously 44014 consistent gets).
However, this was NOT previous behaviour.
The documentation previously mentioned that only LOCAL indexes are used when indexing partitioned tables.
If we run the same demo on Oracle Database 19.3, we get the following report:
GENERAL INFORMATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activity start : 14-OCT-2020 13:12:07
Activity end : 14-OCT-2020 14:24:07
Executions completed : 1
Executions interrupted : 0
Executions with fatal error : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index candidates : 1
Indexes created (visible / invisible) : 1 (1 / 0)
Space used (visible / invisible) : 192.94 MB (192.94 MB / 0 B)
Indexes dropped : 0
SQL statements verified : 1
SQL statements improved (improvement factor) : 1 (1950.5x)
SQL plan baselines created : 0
Overall improvement factor : 1950.5x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused indexes : 0
Space used : 0 B
Unusable indexes : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
*: invisible
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table | Index | Key | Type | Properties |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | BIG_BOWIE1 | SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa | TOTAL_SALES | B-TREE | LOCAL |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERIFICATION DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of the following statements improved:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID : 2pp8ypramw30s
SQL Text : SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 WHERE total_sales = 42
Improvement Factor : 1950.5x
Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
Original Plan Auto Index Plan
---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 6996973 27327
CPU Time (s): 6704215 12819
Buffer Gets: 815306 49
Optimizer Cost: 12793 28
Disk Reads: 2 40
Direct Writes: 0 0
Rows Processed: 475 25
Executions: 19 1
PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 4294056405
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | | | 12793 | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE ALL | | 20 | 520 | 12793 | 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | BIG_BOWIE1 | 20 | 520 | 12793 | 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 3781269341
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 25 | 650 | 28 | 00:00:01 |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE ALL | | 25 | 650 | 28 | 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BIG_BOWIE1 | 25 | 650 | 28 | 00:00:01 |
| * 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa | 25 | | 17 | 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 3 - access("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )
As we can see, in this scenario, the newly created Automatic Index has a “Property” of LOCAL.
If we look at its index details:
SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioned, auto, visibility, status FROM user_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE1'; INDEX_NAME PAR AUT VISIBILIT STATUS ------------------------------ --- --- --------- -------- SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa YES YES VISIBLE N/A SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioning_type, partition_count, locality FROM user_part_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE1'; INDEX_NAME PARTITION PARTITION_COUNT LOCALI ------------------------------ --------- --------------- ------ SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa RANGE 8 LOCAL
We can see how a Local Index was previously created.
As such if we re-run an equivalent query:
SQL> SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 WHERE total_sales = 42;
25 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3781269341
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | Pstart| Pstop |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 20 | 520 | 26 (0)| 00:00:01 | | |
| 1 | PARTITION RANGE ALL | | 20 | 520 | 26 (0)| 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED| BIG_BOWIE1 | 20 | 520 | 26 (0)| 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
|* 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa | 20 | | 17 (0)| 00:00:01 | 1 | 8 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - access("TOTAL_SALES"=42)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
50 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
1555 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
409 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
25 rows processed
Although the query is returning 6 more rows (as with the random number generation, has a slightly different data set), it’s more expensive proportionally now having to perform 50 consistent gets as it now has to read 8 index structures rather than just the one.
So (IMHO), Automatic Indexing has improved here, creating a more efficient index structure than previously. So always bear in mind that Automatic Indexing is an evolving beast, improving and adapting as time moves on.
However, note the compromise here is that by having an effectively Global index structure, there may be some additional issues depending on any subsequent structural changes to the table.
More on Automatic Indexing and Partitioning in my next post…
Richard Foote's Oracle Blog 