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Oracle Database 19c Automatic Indexing: Index Compression Update (New Morning) January 27, 2021

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Advanced Index Compression, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, AUTO_INDEX_COMPRESSION, Exadata, Index Column Order, Index Compression, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c.
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I was reminded in a recent comment by Rajeshwaran Jeyabal that I hadn’t updated my post on Automatic Indexing with Advanced Compression that’s in need of a couple of amendments.

Initially when Automatic Indexing was released, the ability to set Advanced Compression was NOT included in the official documentation, although the EXEC DBMS_AUTO_INDEX.CONFIGURE( ‘AUTO_INDEX_COMPRESSION‘ , ‘ON’); option was readily accessible. This has now been fixed and the associated doco on setting Advanced Compression for Automatic Indexes can be found here.

The other significant change is that Advanced Compression Low is now the default behaviour when Automatic Indexes are created in the Oracle ATP Autonomous Database Cloud environment. This makes sense in that if you have access to the Advanced Compression option, setting all indexes to Advanced Compression Low is the no-brainer setting as I’ve discussed previously. So several of my more recent posts show how Automatic Indexes have been created with Advanced Compression Low set.

What hasn’t changed however is how Automatic Indexing does NOT consider the efficiency of an index in relation to Index Compression when deciding how to order the columns within the index.

The default order of columns within an index (when other SQL predicates are not a consideration) is simply the order by which the columns appear within the table. Even though an index could be significantly smaller thanks to Index Compression if columns with more repeated values are ordered first within an index, this is not something Automatic Indexing currently considers.

The demo in my original piece still works exactly the same in the current 19c database versions of the ATP Autonomous Cloud environments. Manually created indexes can be significantly smaller if index columns are reordered or dropped entirely if they don’t provide filtering benefits.

When reading my blog, please do take note of the date of blog piece, especially in relation to Automatic Indexing. Things are only accurate as at time of publication and may change subsequently.

I thank Rajeshwaran for getting me to pull my finger out and update my blog accordingly…

Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Non-Equality Predicates Part II (Let’s Spend The Night Together) January 21, 2021

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Full Table Scans, Non-Equality Predicates, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Performance Tuning.
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In my previous post in this series, I discussed out Automatic Indexing currently does not consider Non-Equality predicates. Automatic Indexing will index columns based only on Equality predicates.

So how does Oracle handle the scenario when an SQL has a mixture of both Equality and Non-Equality predicates?

I’ll begin by creating two very similar tables, but with the second table having a more selective CODE column:

SQL> create table pink_floyd (id number, code number, create_date date, name varchar2(42));

Table created.

SQL> insert into pink_floyd select rownum, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 5000)), sysdate-mod(rownum, 50000)+1, 'Dark Side of the Moon'
from dual connect by level <=10000000;

10000000 rows created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'PINK_FLOYD');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


SQL> create table pink_floyd1 (id number, code number, create_date date, name varchar2(42));

Table created.

SQL> insert into pink_floyd1 select rownum, ceil(dbms_random.value(0, 25000)), sysdate-mod(rownum, 50000)+1, 'Dark Side of the Moon'
from dual connect by level <=10000000;

10000000 rows created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'PINK_FLOYD1');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

So table PINK_FLOYD has 5,000 distinct CODE values, whereas table PINK_FLOYD1 has 25,000 distinct CODE values.

I’ll next run the following identical SQLs, which both use an Equality predicate on the CODE column and a Non-Equality predicate on the CREATE_DATE column. The CODE column provides some filtering (more so with the PINK_FLOYD1 table) but in combination with the CREATE_DATE column, results in the ultimate filtering with no rows returned:

 

SQL> select * from pink_floyd where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';

no rows selected

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1152280033

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name       | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |            |    1 |    40 |    844 (11) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD |    1 |    40 |    844 (11) | 00:00:01  |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)
     filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      63660 consistent gets
      63649 physical reads
          0 redo size
        426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        380 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          0 rows processed


SQL> select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';

no rows selected

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 564520720

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name        | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |             |    1 |    41 |    856 (11) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD1 |    1 |    41 |    856 (11) | 00:00:01  |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("CODE"=42 AND "CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00','syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
     filter("CODE"=42 AND "CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00','syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      64424 consistent gets
      64413 physical reads
          0 redo size
        426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          0 rows processed

 

So how does Automatic Indexing handle this scenario. If we look at the subsequent Automatic Indexing report (highlights only):

 

INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
*: invisible
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table       | Index                | Key  | Type   | Properties   |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | PINK_FLOYD1 | SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g | CODE | B-TREE | NONE         |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID              : 7wag3gbk0b3tm
SQL Text            : select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021'
Improvement Factor  : 64442.3x

Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
                      Original Plan                Auto Index Plan
                      ---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s):     568513                       2771
CPU Time (s):         275534                       1874
Buffer Gets:          1031078                      406
Optimizer Cost:       856                          405
Disk Reads:           1030609                      3
Direct Writes:        0                            0
Rows Processed:       0                            0
Executions:           16                           1

PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 564520720

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name        | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time       |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |             |      |       |  856 |            |
|  1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD1 |    1 |    41 |  856 | 00:00:01   |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Notes
-----
- dop = 1
- px_in_memory_imc = no
- px_in_memory = no

- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 2703636439

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                           | Name                 | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time       |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                      |    1 |    41 |  405 | 00:00:01   |
| * 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | PINK_FLOYD1          |    1 |    41 |  405 | 00:00:01   |
| * 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN                    | SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g |  403 |       |    3 | 00:00:01   |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 1 - filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
* 2 - access("CODE"=42)

Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )

 

If we look at the definitions of all indexes currently on these tables:

SQL> select index_name, auto, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor
from user_indexes where table_name='PINK_FLOYD';

INDEX_NAME                     AUT VISIBILIT COMPRESSION   STATUS   NUM_ROWS   LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- -----------------
SYS_AI_dp2t0j12zux49           YES INVISIBLE ADVANCED LOW  UNUSABLE   10000000       21702           4161898

SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='PINK_FLOYD';

INDEX_NAME                     COLUMN_NAME     COLUMN_POSITION
------------------------------ --------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_dp2t0j12zux49           CODE                          1


SQL> select index_name, auto, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor
from user_indexes where table_name='PINK_FLOYD1';

INDEX_NAME                     AUT VISIBILIT COMPRESSION   STATUS     NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- -----------------
SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g           YES VISIBLE   ADVANCED LOW  VALID      10000000       15400           9969473

SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='PINK_FLOYD1';

INDEX_NAME                     COLUMN_NAME     COLUMN_POSITION
------------------------------ --------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g           CODE                          1

 

In both cases, Automatic Indexing only created an index on the CODE column, as it was the only column with an Equality predicate.

However, the Automatic Index on the table PINK_FLOYD remained in an INVISIBLE/UNUSABLE. That’s because an index on only the CODE column was not efficient enough to improve the performance of the SQL, due to the filtering not being sufficient enough and because of the relatively poor Clustering Factor.

The index on the table PINK_FLOYD1 was eventually created as a VISIBLE/VALID index, as its better filtering was sufficient to actually improve the performance of the SQL.

So if we re-run the first query:

SQL> select * from pink_floyd where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';

no rows selected

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1152280033

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name       | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |            |    1 |    40 |    844 (11) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | PINK_FLOYD |    1 |    40 |    844 (11) | 00:00:01  |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)
     filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') AND "CODE"=42)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      63660 consistent gets
      63649 physical reads
          0 redo size
        426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        380 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          0 rows processed

It continues to use a Full Table Scan.

If we re-run the second query:

 

SQL> select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';

no rows selected

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2703636439

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                           | Name                 | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                      |    1 |    41 |     415 (0) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | PINK_FLOYD1          |    1 |    41 |     415 (0) | 00:00:01  |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN                    | SYS_AI_96snkmu4sk44g |  412 |       |       3 (0) | 00:00:01  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - filter("CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))
2 - access("CODE"=42)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
        406 consistent gets
          0 physical reads
          0 redo size
        426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          0 rows processed

 

If now uses the newly created Automatic Index, with an improved 406 Consistent Gets (down from the previous 64424 Consistent Gets with the FTS).

BUT if we were to manually create an index on BOTH CODE and CREATE_DATE columns:

SQL> create index pink_floyd1_code_create_date_i on pink_floyd1(code, create_date) compress advanced low;

Index created.

SQL> select * from pink_floyd1 where code=42 and create_date> '19-JAN-2021';

no rows selected

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3366491378

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                           | Name                           | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                                |    1 |    41 |       4 (0) | 00:00:01  |
|  1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | PINK_FLOYD1                    |    1 |    41 |       4 (0) | 00:00:01  |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN                    | PINK_FLOYD1_CODE_CREATE_DATE_I |    1 |       |       3 (0) | 00:00:01  |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

2 - access("CODE"=42 AND "CREATE_DATE">TO_DATE(' 2021-01-19 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') AND
"CREATE_DATE" IS NOT NULL)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
          3 consistent gets
          0 physical reads
          0 redo size
        426 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        381 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          0 rows processed

 

Performance improves significantly further, by reducing Consistent Gets down to just 3.

So if you have SQL statements with a mixture of both Equality and Non-Equality predicates, you may encounter these 2 scenarios:

A potentially efficient index that is not created at all as the filtering on just the Equality based predicates are not sufficient to create a viable index, or

A potentially suboptimal Automatic Index that doesn’t contain useful filtering columns because they’re used in Non-Equality predicates…

Announcement: Both Of My Oracle Webinars Scheduled For February 2021 !! January 19, 2021

Posted by Richard Foote in Oracle, Oracle Cost Based Optimizer, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle Indexing Internals Webinar, Oracle Performance Diagnostics and Tuning Webinar, Richard Foote Seminars.
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I’m please to announce that both of my highly acclaimed webinars scheduled for February are now confirmed.

These webinars are a must for any Oracle DBA or Developer interested in designing, developing or maintaining high performance, highly scalable Oracle-based applications or databases.

However only a few places are currently available on each webinar with numbers very strictly limited, as I only run small classes to give every attendee the opportunity to get the most from the training experience.

Webinar details are as follows:

 

8-12 February 2021 (5pm-9pm AEDT) – Oracle Indexing Internals and Best Practices Webinar  (International Customers Only)

This seminar examines most available Oracle index structures/options and discusses in considerable detail how indexes function, how/when they should be used and how they should be maintained. It covers many useful tips and strategies to maximise the benefits of indexes on application/database performance and scalability, as well as in maximising Oracle database investments. Much of the material is exclusive to this seminar and is not generally available in Oracle documentation or in Oracle University courses.

 

23-26 February 2021 (5pm-9pm AEDT) – Oracle Performance Diagnostics and Tuning Webinar
(International Customers Only)

The seminar will detail how to maximise the performance of both Oracle databases and associated applications and how to diagnose and address any performance issues as quickly and effectively as possible. It also provides opportunity to have your own AWR reports analysed to identify performance issues.

 

You can also purchase tickets to both webinars at a special combo discount:

Both “Oracle Indexing Internals and Best Practices” and “Oracle Performance Diagnostics and Tuning” Webinars running in February 2021:   (International Customers Only)

 

Each webinar is $1,800 (AUS) individually and $3,000 (AUS) when both purchased in the combo package (the Buy Now functionality is available for International Customers Only).

Please Note: If based in Australia, please contact me (at richard@richardfooteconsulting.com) for a tax invoice that includes GST and instructions on how to pay.

 

Please contact me directly if you wish to pay via invoice and direct bank transfer or if you have any questions.

 

For full content details of the “Oracle Indexing Internals and Best Practices” Webinar: https://richardfooteconsulting.com/indexing-seminar/

For full content details of the “Oracle Performance Diagnostics and Tuning” Webinar: https://richardfooteconsulting.com/performance-tuning-seminar/

 

Hopefully you can take advantage of the opportunity to participate in this unique training experience (see here for some testimonials)…

Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Non-Equality Predicates Part I (Lucy Can’t Dance) January 14, 2021

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, Exadata, Full Table Scans, Non-Equality Predicates, Oracle, Oracle Blog, Oracle Cloud, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c.
6 comments

 

I’ve been waiting a while before posting a series on the various limitations associated with Automatic Indexing, in order to see how the feature matures over time.

The following have all been re-tested post 1 January 2021 on the Autonomous ATP Database Cloud service, using Oracle Database version 19.5.0.0.0.

In the Oracle Documentation (including version 21c), the only limitations with regard Automatic Indexing listed are the following:

  • Auto indexes are local B-tree indexes.
  • Auto indexes can be created for partitioned as well as non-partitioned tables.
  • Auto indexes cannot be created for temporary tables.

Well, as I discussed in the previous series on Automatic Indexing on Partitioned tables, we already saw how Oracle can actually also create Non-Partitioned (Global) indexes. So the limitation on Automatic Indexes being “local” indexes is not actually correct, even with 19c.

But are there other limitations that are not officially documented?

If you look at every example I’ve used previously with regard Automatic Indexing, they all feature Equality predicates. In the following examples, I’m going to run a series on Range Scan predicates that heavily filter and would benefit greatly from an index.

I first create a simple table with 10M rows:

SQL> create table ziggy1 (id number, code number, name varchar2(42));

Table created.

SQL> insert into ziggy1 select rownum, mod(rownum, 1000000)+1, 'David Bowie' from dual connect by level <= 10000000;

10000000 rows created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>null, tabname=>'ZIGGY1');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

I then run the following range scan queries several times that each return only a few rows:

SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id between 42 and 50;

9 rows selected.

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name   | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |        |    8 |   184 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 |    8 |   184 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)
    filter("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      39436 consistent gets
      39425 physical reads
          0 redo size
        596 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        369 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          9 rows processed


SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id < 0;

no rows selected

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name   | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |        |    1 |    23 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 |    1 |    23 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("ID"<0)
    filter("ID"<0)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      39436 consistent gets
      39425 physical reads
          0 redo size
        364 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        344 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          0 rows processed

SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id > 100000000000;

no rows selected

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name   | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |        |    1 |    23 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 |    1 |    23 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("ID">100000000000)
    filter("ID">100000000000)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      39436 consistent gets
      39425 physical reads
          0 redo size
        364 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        355 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          1 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          0 rows processed

If we look at the subsequent Automatic Indexing report:

SQL> select dbms_auto_index.report_last_activity() report from dual;

REPORT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERAL INFORMATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activity start              : 13-JAN-2021 11:55:37
Activity end                : 13-JAN-2021 11:56:20
Executions completed        : 1
Executions interrupted      : 0
Executions with fatal error : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY (AUTO INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index candidates           : 0
Indexes created            : 0
Space used                 : 0 B
Indexes dropped            : 0
SQL statements verified    : 3
SQL statements improved    : 0
SQL plan baselines created : 0
Overall improvement factor : 0x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY (MANUAL INDEXES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused indexes   : 0
Space used       : 0 B
Unusable indexes : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We notice NO Automatic Indexes were created.

We can run these queries endlessly and Automatic Indexing will never create associated Automatic Indexes:

SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility from user_indexes where table_name='ZIGGY1';

no rows selected

These queries are doomed to perform Full Table Scans unless indexes are manually created:

SQL> select * from ziggy1 where id between 42 and 50;

9 rows selected.

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4062853157

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name   | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU) | Time      |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | SELECT STATEMENT          |        |    8 |   184 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | ZIGGY1 |    8 |   184 |    538 (14) | 00:00:01  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

1 - storage("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)
    filter("ID"<=50 AND "ID">=42)

Note
-----
- automatic DOP: Computed Degree of Parallelism is 1

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0 recursive calls
          0 db block gets
      39436 consistent gets
      39425 physical reads
          0 redo size
        596 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        369 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0 sorts (memory)
          0 sorts (disk)
          9 rows processed

 

Currently Automatic Indexes do not support Non-Equality predicates. Automatic Indexes are only created based on Equality-based predicates.

Obviously, Automatic Indexing is a fabulous feature and this might all change in the future. But with Non-Equality predicates so prevalent in SQL, it’s vital to note this current limitation when using and relying on Automatic Indexing…

Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Indexing Partitioned Tables Part II (Neighbourhood Threat) January 13, 2021

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Transaction Processing, CBO, Exadata, Local Indexes, Oracle, Oracle Cloud, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes, Oracle19c, Partitioned Indexes, Partitioning.
4 comments

In my first post on Automatic Indexing on Partitioned Tables, I discussed how Automatic Indexing (AI) can now create a Non-Partitioned index if deemed the most effective indexing structure (this wasn’t supported when AI was initially released). A Non-Partitioned index is indeed likely the most efficient indexing structure if the underlying table has many partitions and associated SQL equality predicates only reference non-partition key columns. A Non-Partitioned index ensure Oracle only needs to scan the single index structure and not all the partitions of a Local index.

But what if SQLs do reference the column by which the underlying table is partitioned?

The following SQL has an equality filtering predicate on the RELEASE_DATE column, the column by which the BIG_BOWIE1 table is partitioned:

SQL> SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 where release_date = to_date('2013-12-30 22:15:25', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');

no rows selected

If we look at the subsequent AI report:

INDEX DETAILS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following indexes were created:
*: invisible
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Owner | Table      | Index                | Key          | Type   | Properties |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| BOWIE | BIG_BOWIE1 | SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s | RELEASE_DATE | B-TREE | LOCAL      |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

We notice that Automatic Indexing has in this instance created a Local Index.

If we look further down the AI report:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsing Schema Name : BOWIE
SQL ID              : 4mm3mbkk38pa8
SQL Text            : SELECT * FROM big_bowie1 where release_date = to_date('2013-12-30 22:15:25', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')
Improvement Factor  : 8339x

Execution Statistics:
-----------------------------
                  Original Plan                Auto Index Plan
                  ---------------------------- ----------------------------
Elapsed Time (s): 146957                       71
CPU Time (s):     146124                       71
Buffer Gets:      16678                        3
Optimizer Cost:   162                          4
Disk Reads:       0                            0
Direct Writes:    0                            0
Rows Processed:   0                            0
Executions:       2                            1

PLANS SECTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- Original
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 4031749531

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name       | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time        |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0  | SELECT STATEMENT          |            |      |       |  162 |             |
| 1  | PARTITION RANGE SINGLE    |            | 3602 | 93652 |  162 | 00:00:01    |
| 2  | TABLE ACCESS STORAGE FULL | BIG_BOWIE1 | 3602 | 93652 |  162 | 00:00:01    |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Notes
-----
- dop = 1
- px_in_memory_imc = no
- px_in_memory = no

- With Auto Indexes
-----------------------------
Plan Hash Value : 4049653350

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                                 | Name                 | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time        |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                          |                      |    3 |    78 |    4 | 00:00:01    |
|   1 | PARTITION RANGE SINGLE                    |                      |    3 |    78 |    4 | 00:00:01    |
|   2 | TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED | BIG_BOWIE1           |    3 |    78 |    4 | 00:00:01    |
| * 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN                          | SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s |    1 |       |    3 | 00:00:01    |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 3 - access("RELEASE_DATE"=TO_DATE(' 2013-12-30 22:15:25', 'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))

Notes
-----
- Dynamic sampling used for this statement ( level = 11 )

 

We can see Automatic Indexing has created the index because it provides an average Improvement Factor of 8339x. As the necessary indexed column(s) matches the table partitioning key, it makes sense for the associated index be a Local index as Oracle is certain which specific index partition to visit based on the value of the equality predicate.

If we look at the details of this new AI:

SQL> select index_name, auto, constraint_index, visibility, compression, status, num_rows, leaf_blocks, clustering_factor
from user_indexes where table_name='BIG_BOWIE1';

INDEX_NAME                     AUT CON VISIBILIT COMPRESSION   STATUS     NUM_ROWS LEAF_BLOCKS CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ --- --- --------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------- -----------------
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s           YES NO  VISIBLE   ADVANCED LOW  N/A        20000000       30742          19941449
SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa           YES NO  VISIBLE   ADVANCED LOW  VALID      20000000       42697          19995451

SQL> select index_name, column_name, column_position from user_ind_columns where table_name='BIG_BOWIE1' order by index_name, column_position;

INDEX_NAME                     COLUMN_NAME     COLUMN_POSITION
------------------------------ --------------- ---------------
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s           RELEASE_DATE                  1
SYS_AI_8armv0hqq73fa           TOTAL_SALES                   1

SQL> SELECT index_name, partitioning_type, partition_count, locality FROM user_part_indexes WHERE table_name = 'BIG_BOWIE1';

INDEX_NAME                     PARTITION PARTITION_COUNT LOCALI
------------------------------ --------- --------------- ------
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s           RANGE                   8 LOCAL

SQL> select index_name, partition_name, status, compression from user_ind_partitions
where index_name in (select index_name from user_indexes where table_name='BIG_BOWIE1')
order by partition_position;

INDEX_NAME           PARTITION_NAME       STATUS   COMPRESSION
-------------------- -------------------- -------- -------------
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2013          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2014          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2015          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2016          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2017          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2018          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2019          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW
SYS_AI_14gpurjp8m76s ALBUMS_2020          USABLE   ADVANCED LOW

 

We can see that indeed, a Visible, Usable, Local index was created by Automatic Indexing.

So depending on the column(s) within the index, Automatic Indexing can potentially create either a Local or Non-Partitioned index when indexing a partitioned table.

Oracle 19c Automatic Indexing: Currently Broken In Autonomous ATP Databases Part II (Fix You) January 12, 2021

Posted by Richard Foote in 19c, 19c New Features, Automatic Indexing, Autonomous Database, Autonomous Transaction Processing, Oracle, Oracle General, Oracle Indexes.
2 comments

 

Firstly, thank you for all those who contacted me regarding the issue with Oracle Automatic Indexing (AI) having stopped working within the Autonomous ATP Database Cloud service. It appears this issue was indeed widely spread and impacted numerous (if not all) Autonomous ATP Database Cloud services.

This was all possibly due to (unpublished) bug 32151108 that results in a STOPPED AI task status due to No Data Found exception.

The good news is that this all appears to now be fixed (at least in the Sydney Data Centre from at least 12th January 2021). I logged on for the first time in some weeks yesterday, where the AI tasks were again running successfully and creating the necessary indexes. As the cloud service had been stopped, upon restarting the database, the AI tasks had to address the significant backlog of SQL statements that had built up and needed to be actioned.

In the coming days, I’ll run a number of tests to confirm that all indeed is now well.

On Twitter Tanel Poder made the following pertinent comment:

“The quality of support org & maintenance is even more important when consuming the entire DB platform as a service, with no access to OS, internals and patching yourself…”

I couldn’t agree more.